L10 Writing the Introduction and Paris in the 1660s.Obviously,the first scientific articles has no direct models to build on,and several scholars have discussed possible influences.Ard (1983)and Valle (2000)suggest that the first articles developed from the scholarly letters that scientists were accustomed to sending to each other. Sutherland (1986)showed that early articles were also influenced by the newspaper reports of that time.Paradis (1987)described the influence of the philosophical essay.Shapin (1984)claimed that the scientific books of Robert Boyle were another model.Bazerman (1988,1997)argued that discussions among the scientists themselves made their own contribution to the emergence of the scientific article.Finally,Gross (1990,2008)ascribes their origins to inventories of nature and natural products. 2.2.3 Move 2:Establishing a niche (vacancy) Specifying the particular context for the current study Indicating that the research story is not yet complete A mini-critique (brief commentary words) Short,brief sentences or an argument to be developed later Apart from a chapter in Foster (1997),this series has been little discussed by critics or art historians.For example,these pictures were ignored by Johns in her... The widespread deterioration and recent collapse of highway bridges...have highlighted the importance of developing effective bridge inspection and maintenance strategies. Little is,however,known about participants'views of university-community collaborations. Options for establishing a Niche: A.Counter-claiming (rare,mainly for humanities such as philosophy,law,etc. B.Gap(common,esp.for scientific papers,to be discussed further C.Question(for social sciences,problems unsolved) D.Tradition (rare,extension or expansion of a theory already known,newly discovered theory,etc.) Ex.10-3:Characterize the following statements as A,B,C,or D on the basis of the list of options for establishing a Niche. 1. These findings suggest that the number of co-authors might affect the self-citation rate. 2. However,in all three cases,the methodologies used for analyzing self-citations are flawed. 3. One discipline that has been neglected in self-citation studies is history. 4. Studies so far lead to a question that has as yet no clear answer:Do self-citation pay? 5 It would therefore be interesting to have further information about the citation practices of Norwegian scientists. However,little is known about how many times individual authors cite 3/5L10 Writing the Introduction 3 / 5 and Paris in the 1660s. Obviously, the first scientific articles has no direct models to build on, and several scholars have discussed possible influences. Ard (1983) and Valle (2000) suggest that the first articles developed from the scholarly letters that scientists were accustomed to sending to each other. Sutherland (1986) showed that early articles were also influenced by the newspaper reports of that time. Paradis (1987) described the influence of the philosophical essay. Shapin (1984) claimed that the scientific books of Robert Boyle were another model. Bazerman (1988, 1997) argued that discussions among the scientists themselves made their own contribution to the emergence of the scientific article. Finally, Gross (1990, 2008) ascribes their origins to inventories of nature and natural products. 2.2.3 Move 2: Establishing a niche (vacancy)  Specifying the particular context for the current study  Indicating that the research story is not yet complete  A mini-critique (brief commentary words)  Short, brief sentences or an argument to be developed later  Apart from a chapter in Foster (1997), this series has been little discussed by critics or art historians. For example, these pictures were ignored by Johns in her …  The widespread deterioration and recent collapse of highway bridges … have highlighted the importance of developing ef ective bridge inspection and maintenance strategies.  Little is, however, known about participants’ views of university-community collaborations. Options for establishing a Niche: A. Counter-claiming（rare, mainly for humanities such as philosophy, law, etc.） B. Gap (common, esp. for scientific papers, to be discussed further ) C. Question (for social sciences, problems unsolved) D. Tradition (rare, extension or expansion of a theory already known, newly discovered theory, etc.) Ex. 10-3: Characterize the following statements as A, B, C, or D on the basis of the list of options for establishing a Niche. 1. _____These findings suggest that the number of co-authors might affect the self-citation rate. 2. _____However, in all three cases, the methodologies used for analyzing self-citations are flawed. 3. _____One discipline that has been neglected in self-citation studies is history. 4. _____Studies so far lead to a question that has as yet no clear answer: Do self-citation pay? 5. _____It would therefore be interesting to have further information about the citation practices of Norwegian scientists. 6. _____However, little is known about how many times individual authors cite