7期 周做英等：基于位置的服务：架构与进展 1171 [100]Klann M.Tactical navigation support for firefighters:The Monterey CA.2008:350-357 LifeNet Ad-Hoc sensor-network and wearable system// [102]Cinaz B.Kenn H.HeadSLAM:Simultaneous localization Loffler J,Klann M.Mobile Response,LNCS 5424.Spring- and mapping with head-mounted inertial and laser range sen- er,2009:41-56 sors//Proceedings of the 12th IEEE International Symposium [101]Amendolare V,Cyganski D et al.WPI precision personnel on Wearable Computers.Pittsburgh,PA.2008:3-10 locator system:Inertial navigation supplementation//Pro- [103]Bellavista P,Kupper A.Helal S.Location-based services: ceedings of the Position Location and Navigation Symposium. Back to the future.Pervasive Computing.2008.7(2):85-89 ZHOU Ao-Ying,born in 1965. YANG Bin,born in 1982,Ph.D..His research inter- professor,Ph.D.supervisor.His re- ests include data management and knowledge harvesting. search interests include Web data man- JIN Che-Qing,born in 1977.Ph.D..associate profes- agement.data management for data-in- sor.His research interests include data stream management. tensive computing,management of uncer- uncertain data management and location-based services. tain data,data mining and data streams. MA Qiang,born in 1984,master.His research interest distributed storage and P2P computing. is on data intensive computing. Background Nowadays.Location-based Services (LBS)become more communication location information in 2004.Jiang and Yao and more popular due to the recent advances in different posi- summarized the characteristics and applications of LBS,and tioning technologies and high speed mobile communication made a cross-examination with GIS in 2006.A survey on dif- networks.Typical LBS,such as route navigation using GPS- ferent indoor positioning technologies,which are the funda- enabled terminal,are playing important roles in peoples' ments of upcoming indoor LBS,was given by Liu et al.. daily lives,making it critical to develop new techniques to Mokbel et al.discussed how to use the sharing strategy to provide more efficient and reliable LBS. make LBS more scalable.Lee et al.talked about different lo- The location is the key of LBS.The core technologies of cation models and corresponding queries.Pan et al.summa- LBS are the acquisition of the locations,managing the loca- rized different techniques dealing with the privacy issues. tions and protecting the locations.Acquisition of locations This paper gives a comprehensive survey of LBS.espe- relies on different outdoor and indoor positioning technolo- cially emphasis on system architecture and recent research gies:managing the locations resorts to the spatial and spatio- achievements.At first,it summarizes the main components temporal data management methods;protecting the locations of LBS and the characteristics of LBS.Different positioning aims to protect the privacy of the user and the data owner. methods,including both outdoor and indoor,are classified GIS(Geographic Information System),emerged by the early into three categories:satellite based positioning,network in- 1980s,is somehow similar to LBS,which stores,manages frastructure based positioning and presence sensing positio- and presents data related to locations.Usually,GIS utilizes ning.Query processing methods on two types of services, sufficient centralized resources to provide geographical infor-snapshot services and continuous services,are summarized. mation for specialized users directly (not via communication As core technologies of LBS,spatio-temporal data access network).LBS involos diverse hardware and software in an methods are surveyed comprehensively.In order to relieve interoperating and interconnected environment.And ordinary the concerns on privacy.two categories of privacy protection people are the audience of LBS compared with specialized methods are briefly reviewed.Based on the analysis of recent user of GIS. research advances,including indoor LBS,outdoor/indoor There are already several survey papers on LBS with dif- seamless LBS,LBS on Cloud,new privacy protecting strate- ferent emphases.D'Roza and Bilchev provided an overview gies and social LBS.are discussed.Finally.future research of positioning technologies,data format and protocols for directions are proposed.［１００］ＫｌａｎｎＭ．Ｔａｃｔｉｃａｌｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｆｏｒｆｉｒｅｆｉｇｈｔｅｒｓ：Ｔｈｅ ＬｉｆｅＮｅｔＡｄＨｏｃｓｅｎｓｏｒｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｗｅａｒａｂｌｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ／／ ＬｆｆｌｅｒＪ，ＫｌａｎｎＭ．ＭｏｂｉｌｅＲｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ，ＬＮＣＳ５４２４，Ｓｐｒｉｎｇ ｅｒ，２００９：４１５６ ［１０１］ＡｍｅｎｄｏｌａｒｅＶ，ＣｙｇａｎｓｋｉＤｅｔａｌ．ＷＰＩｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｐｅｒｓｏｎｎｅｌ ｌｏｃａｔｏｒｓｙｓｔｅｍ：Ｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎｓｕｐｐｌｅｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ／／Ｐｒｏ ｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅＰｏｓｉｔｉｏｎＬｏｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＮａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎＳｙｍｐｏｓｉｕｍ． ＭｏｎｔｅｒｅｙＣＡ，２００８：３５０３５７ ［１０２］ＣｉｎａｚＢ，ＫｅｎｎＨ．ＨｅａｄＳＬＡＭ：Ｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｏｃａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄｍａｐｐｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｈｅａｄｍｏｕｎｔｅｄｉｎｅｒｔｉａｌａｎｄｌａｓｅｒｒａｎｇｅｓｅｎ ｓｏｒｓ／／Ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅ１２ｔｈＩＥＥＥＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｙｍｐｏｓｉｕｍ ｏｎＷｅａｒａｂｌｅＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ．Ｐｉｔｔｓｂｕｒｇｈ，ＰＡ，２００８：３１０ ［１０３］ＢｅｌｌａｖｉｓｔａＰ，ＫüｐｐｅｒＡ，ＨｅｌａｌＳ．Ｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ： Ｂａｃｋｔｏｔｈｅｆｕｔｕｒｅ．ＰｅｒｖａｓｉｖｅＣｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ，２００８，７（２）：８５８９ 犣犎犗犝犃狅犢犻狀犵，ｂｏｒｎｉｎ１９６５， ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｐｈ．Ｄ．ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ．Ｈｉｓｒｅ ｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅＷｅｂｄａｔａｍａｎ ａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，ｄａｔａｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｆｏｒｄａｔａｉｎ ｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ，ｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｕｎｃｅｒ ｔａｉｎｄａｔａ，ｄａｔａｍｉｎｉｎｇａｎｄｄａｔａｓｔｒｅａｍｓ， ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｄｓｔｏｒａｇｅａｎｄＰ２Ｐｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ． 犢犃犖犌犅犻狀，ｂｏｒｎｉｎ１９８２，Ｐｈ．Ｄ．．Ｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｅｒ ｅｓｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄａｔａｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｈａｒｖｅｓｔｉｎｇ． 犑犐犖犆犺犲犙犻狀犵，ｂｏｒｎｉｎ１９７７，Ｐｈ．Ｄ．，ａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｐｒｏｆｅｓ ｓｏｒ．Ｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄａｔａｓｔｒｅａｍｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ， ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｄａｔａｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ． 犕犃犙犻犪狀犵，ｂｏｒｎｉｎ１９８４，ｍａｓｔｅｒ．Ｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ ｉｓｏｎｄａｔａｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｃｏｍｐｕｔｉｎｇ． 犅犪犮犽犵狉狅狌狀犱 Ｎｏｗａｄａｙｓ，ＬｏｃａｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄＳｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ（ＬＢＳ）ｂｅｃｏｍｅｍｏｒｅ ａｎｄｍｏｒｅｐｏｐｕｌａｒｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔａｄｖａｎｃｅｓｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｏｓｉ ｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓａｎｄｈｉｇｈｓｐｅｅｄｍｏｂｉｌｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．ＴｙｐｉｃａｌＬＢＳ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｒｏｕｔｅｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎｕｓｉｎｇＧＰＳ ｅｎａｂｌｅｄｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ，ａｒｅｐｌａｙｉｎｇｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｓｉｎｐｅｏｐｌｅｓ’ ｄａｉｌｙｌｉｖｅｓ，ｍａｋｉｎｇｉｔｃｒｉｔｉｃａｌｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｎｅｗｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｔｏ ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｍｏｒｅｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔａｎｄｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅＬＢＳ． ＴｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｈｅｋｅｙｏｆＬＢＳ．Ｔｈｅｃｏｒｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｏｆ ＬＢＳａｒｅｔｈｅａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｍａｎａｇｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｃａ ｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ａｃｑｕｉｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ｒｅｌｉｅｓｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｏｕｔｄｏｏｒａｎｄｉｎｄｏｏｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏ ｇｉｅｓ；ｍａｎａｇｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓｒｅｓｏｒｔｓｔｏｔｈｅｓｐａｔｉａｌａｎｄｓｐａｔｉｏ ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｄａｔａｍａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ；ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ ａｉｍｓｔｏｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｔｈｅｐｒｉｖａｃｙｏｆｔｈｅｕｓｅｒａｎｄｔｈｅｄａｔａｏｗｎｅｒ． ＧＩＳ（ＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍ），ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｅａｒｌｙ １９８０ｓ，ｉｓｓｏｍｅｈｏｗｓｉｍｉｌａｒｔｏＬＢＳ，ｗｈｉｃｈｓｔｏｒｅｓ，ｍａｎａｇｅｓ ａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｄａｔａｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ，ＧＩＳｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｓ ｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｃｅｎｔｒａｌｉｚｅｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｔｏｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｇｅｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌｉｎｆｏｒ ｍａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄｕｓｅｒｓｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ（ｎｏｔｖｉａｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ）．ＬＢＳｉｎｖｏｌｏｓｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｈａｒｄｗａｒｅａｎｄｓｏｆｔｗａｒｅｉｎａｎ ｉｎｔｅｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ．Ａｎｄｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙ ｐｅｏｐｌｅａｒｅｔｈｅａｕｄｉｅｎｃｅｏｆＬＢＳｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄ ｕｓｅｒｏｆＧＩＳ． ＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅａｌｒｅａｄｙｓｅｖｅｒａｌｓｕｒｖｅｙｐａｐｅｒｓｏｎＬＢＳｗｉｔｈｄｉｆ ｆｅｒｅｎｔｅｍｐｈａｓｅｓ．Ｄ’ＲｏｚａａｎｄＢｉｌｃｈｅｖｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄａｎｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗ ｏｆｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ，ｄａｔａｆｏｒｍａｔａｎｄｐｒｏｔｏｃｏｌｓｆｏｒ ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｎ２００４．ＪｉａｎｇａｎｄＹａｏ ｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＬＢＳ，ａｎｄ ｍａｄｅａｃｒｏｓｓｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈＧＩＳｉｎ２００６．Ａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｎｄｉｆ ｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｎｄｏｏｒｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｔｈｅｆｕｎｄａ ｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｕｐｃｏｍｉｎｇｉｎｄｏｏｒＬＢＳ，ｗａｓｇｉｖｅｎｂｙＬｉｕｅｔａｌ．． Ｍｏｋｂｅｌｅｔａｌ．ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｈｏｗｔｏｕｓｅｔｈｅｓｈａｒｉｎｇｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙｔｏ ｍａｋｅＬＢＳｍｏｒｅｓｃａｌａｂｌｅ．Ｌｅｅｅｔａｌ．ｔａｌｋｅｄａｂｏｕｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｌｏ ｃａｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｑｕｅｒｉｅｓ．Ｐａｎｅｔａｌ．ｓｕｍｍａ ｒｉｚｅｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｒｉｖａｃｙｉｓｓｕｅｓ． ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒｇｉｖｅｓａｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＬＢＳ，ｅｓｐｅ ｃｉａｌｌｙｅｍｐｈａｓｉｓｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍａｒｃｈｉｔｅｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｅｃｅｎｔｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓ．Ａｔｆｉｒｓｔ，ｉｔｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｓｔｈｅｍａｉｎｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓ ｏｆＬＢＳａｎｄｔｈｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆＬＢＳ．Ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｂｏｔｈｏｕｔｄｏｏｒａｎｄｉｎｄｏｏｒ，ａｒｅｃｌａｓｓｉｆｉｅｄ ｉｎｔｏｔｈｒｅｅｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｅｓ：ｓａｔｅｌｌｉｔｅｂａｓｅｄｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇ，ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎ ｆｒａｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｂａｓｅｄｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎｉｎｇａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏ ｎｉｎｇ．Ｑｕｅｒｙｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｎｔｗｏｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ， ｓｎａｐｓｈｏｔｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ，ａｒｅｓｕｍｍａｒｉｚｅｄ． ＡｓｃｏｒｅｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｏｆＬＢＳ，ｓｐａｔｉｏｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｄａｔａａｃｃｅｓｓ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｒｅｓｕｒｖｅｙｅｄｃｏｍｐｒｅｈｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙ．Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｒｅｌｉｅｖｅ ｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓｏｎｐｒｉｖａｃｙ，ｔｗｏｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｅｓｏｆｐｒｉｖａｃｙｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｒｅｂｒｉｅｆｌｙｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ．Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｒｅｃｅｎｔ ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｄｖａｎｃｅｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｉｎｄｏｏｒＬＢＳ，ｏｕｔｄｏｏｒ／ｉｎｄｏｏｒ ｓｅａｍｌｅｓｓＬＢＳ，ＬＢＳｏｎＣｌｏｕｄ，ｎｅｗｐｒｉｖａｃｙｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｎｇｓｔｒａｔｅ ｇｉｅｓａｎｄｓｏｃｉａｌＬＢＳ，ａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ｆｕｔｕｒｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ． ７期 周傲英等：基于位置的服务：架构与进展 １１７１