Chapter 2 Theories of Development I. Preconventional Level lI. Conventional Level nI. Postconventional Level Rules are set down by oth- Individual adopts rules, People define own values and will somerimes subor. in terms of ethical princi- Stage 1: Punishment and dinate own needs to those ples they have chosen to Obedience Orientation of the group. Expectations follow Physical consequences of of family, group, or nation action determine its good- seen as valuable in own ness or badness right, regardless of Stage 5: Universal Ethical immediate and obvious Principle Orientation consequences What's right is defined by Stage 2: Instrumental decision of conscience Relativist Orientation according to self-chosen What's right is whatever Stage 3: "Good Boy-Good ethical principles. These satisfies one's own needs Girl" Orientation. Good principles are abstract and and occasionally the needs behavior is whatever ethical (such as the Golden of others. Elements of fair. pleases or helps others and Rule), not specific moral ness and reciprocity are is approved of by them prescriptions(such as the present, but they are most One earns approval by Ten Commandments) ly interpreted in a"you being“nice.” scratch my back, I'Il scratch yours" fashion Stage 6.: Social Contract Stage4:“ Law and Order” Orientation. What's righ Orientation. Right is doing is defined in terms of gen one's duty, showing respect eral individual rights and for authority, and main- in terms of standards that taining the given social have been agreed upon b order for its own sake. the whole society. In con trast to Stage 4, laws are not“ frozen”- they can be changed for the good of socIety