1 Genetic Markers Based on Autosome 1). Variable Number of Tandem Repeat(VNTRs)----DIS7, D2S44, D10S28 Repeat size from 8 to 80 base pairs(usually 15 to 35)restriction fragment(not gene) Agarose gel Southern Hybridization Grouped similar size(bins)-----allele(20 to 30) Advantages: i). He (heterozygosity large(0.9); i). Facilitate mixed-sample analysi Limitations: i). Sensitivity 50ng above; ii). Long analysis time, Small No. loci; ii ). Not suitable for degraded DNA, low value between siblings iv). Distinguish between Hetero and Homo; v). Statistical complication Match Prob ------8. x 10-12 or one in 1. 2 x101(loci)(Ca 2). Short Tandem Repeats(STRs)----D2S11, D3S1358, D5S818 Repeat size from 2 to 7 base pairs Gel with silver to bind to dna Fluorescent tag Repeated unit times------allele(5 to 30) Advantages: i). He (heterozygosity) large(0.8); i). Numerous, Multi Ampl. System(3 to 16); ii). Suitable for degraded DNA, between siblings; iv). Facilitate mixed-sample analysis, v). Rapid, automation Limitations: i). Less He. PD than VNTR; ii). Relatively expensive; iii).Stutter bands Match Prob -----one in 5. 7 x1014(13loci)(Ca) 3). Pentanucleotide Repeats Advantages: i). Fewer stutter band Limitations: i). Rare in the genome1、Genetic Markers Based on Autosome 1). Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTRs) ---- D1S7, D2S44, D10S28 Repeat size from 8 to 80 base pairs (usually 15 to 35) restriction fragment (not gene) Agarose gel & Southern Hybridization Advantages: i). He.(heterozygosity) large (0.9); ii). Facilitate mixed-sample analysis. Grouped similar size (bins)------allele (20 to 30) Limitations: i). Sensitivity 50ng above; ii). Long analysis time, Small No. loci; iii). Not suitable for degraded DNA, low value between siblings; iv). Distinguish between Hetero and Homo; v). Statistical complication. 2). Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) ---- D2S11, D3S1358, D5S818….. Repeat size from 2 to 7 base pairs Gel with silver to bind to DNA & Fluorescent tag Repeated unit times------allele (5 to 30) Advantages: i). He.(heterozygosity) large (0.8); ii). Numerous, Multi Ampl. System (3 to 16); iii). Suitable for degraded DNA, between siblings; iv). Facilitate mixed-sample analysis; v). Rapid, automation. Limitations: i). Less He.& PD than VNTR; ii). Relatively expensive; iii). Stutter bands. 3). Pentanucleotide Repeats Advantages: Limitations: i). Fewer stutter band; i). Rare in the genome. Match Prob.------8.26 x 10-12 or one in 1. 2 x1011(6loci) (Ca.) Match Prob.------one in 5. 7 x1014 (13loci) (Ca.)