[Key:27 B.C.] Turks in 2.Before 27 B.C.Rome had been a [Kay:1453] [Key:republic] 3.Latin Literature (pp.39-47) The two important contributions made by the Romans to European culture (p.39) a.Prose (pp.40-43) i.Marcus Tullius Cicero(106-43B.C.)(/'sis3rau/西睾罗) i.The Pax Romana(罗马和平) i.Julius Caesar(102/100?44B.C.)(siza/凯撒) ii.Roman law 1.The emperors relied on a strong army-the famous Roman legions- Cicero and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule,which was facilitated 1.Marcus Tullius Cicero was noted for and fine writing style. by a well-developed system of roads.Thus the Romans enjoyed a long [Key:oratory(演说术：雄辩术)] period of peace lasting two hundred years,a remarkable phenomenon 2.Cicero's legal and political speeches are of Latin diction. in history known as the [Key:models] [Key:Pax Romana] 3.Cicero's eloquent,oratorial manner of writing,described as 2.Another important contribution made by the Romans to European _has had an enormous influence on the development of culture was European prose. [Key:Roman law] [Key:Ciceronian] The decline of the Roman empire (p.39) 4.In his private letters,however,Cicero appears as a different man 1.The empire began to decline in the century,increasingly with a different style,far less rhetorical,but and [Key:colloquial intimate] troubled by the inroads of northern tribes such as the [Key:3rd/Goths(go/哥特人)] Caesar 2.In the4 th century the emperor Constantine(konstantain/君士坦丁) 1.Julius Caesar was another and more successful general who became moved the capital from Rome to ,and renamed it in Rome for a few years until he was assassinated. Constantinople（/konsteent'naupl/君士坦丁堡)(modern Istanbul [Key:dictator] /1stn'bu:l/伊斯坦布尔). 2.Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns [Key:Byzantium(br'zentram/拜占庭)] he took part in and these writings,colleted in his,are 3.After the (Roman)empire was permanently divided into models ofLatin. East (the Byzantine Empire)and West. [Key:Commentaries succinct] [Key:395) b.Poetry (pp.43-47) 4.In the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths i.Lucretiu5(about93一50B.C.)(ju:'krjs/卢克莱修) and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire. ii.Virgil(70-19B.C.)(v3gl/维吉尔) [Key:476] Lucretius 5.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the 1.Lucretius wrote the _pocm On the Nature o时Things(《物性 14 15 1馆就经