Torsion Bar Springs Shear stress Tr 16T t= pd 。Angular deflection TL 32TL q= 二 JG pd'G ·Spring rate JG pd"G k= L 32L ·T=F*D/2=torque 。r=wire radius ·J=πd4/32=polar moment of inertia A=wire cross-sectional areaTorsion Bar Springs • Shear stress 3 Tr 16T J d t p = = • Angular deflection 4 TL 32TL JG d G q p = = • Spring rate 4 32 JG d G k L L p = = • T = F*D/2 = torque • r = wire radius • J = pd4 /32 = polar moment of inertia • A = wire cross-sectional area