rly in the thirteenth century or, over sixty years later, that of robert Bruce of Annandale with Marjorie, already countess of Carrick. Or perhaps its production should be linked with the Francophile tendencies of at least some parts of Gaelic-speaking society. This can perhaps best illustrated by the careers of some of the lords of Galloway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Although without doubt Gaelic-speaking and exercising a Gaelic form of lordship within their territory they made grants of land in feudal form from the mid- twelfth century on married into families of French descent, and founded Cistercian abbeys at Dundrennan around 1142 and at Glenluce in 1192.39 Lachlan, who held the lordship from 1185-1200, preferred to call himself by the evocative Frankish name of roland and may also have been under french influence when he named his heir Alan. It has been suggested that the roman de fergus,a French romance on the career of the first known lord of galloway, was commissioned by one of his descendants, although there is dispute as to whether it was roland or Alan(d. 1234), rhaps even Alans daughter Dervorguilla Balliol(d. 1290), founder in 1273 of another Cistercian abbey, Sweetheart(Dulce Cor) near Dumfries, as well as of Balliol College, Oxford The Balliol possibility is particularly interesting in the present context, since the Berne Ms may also have Balliol links A practical purpose for the French translation of the Leges is supported by the fact that the text in the Berne Ms certainly does not seem to have been merely the work of an antiquarian or a romantic Celtic revivalist. There were ogettheyrns in thirteenth-century Scotland,4 while some of the other terms used such as cro and than, still survived as current terminology fo existing institutions as late as the fifteenth century. 4 Underlining a contemporary perception of utility, the text in its Latin version was to be incorporated within Regiam Majestatem, perhaps For discussion see R D. Oram, "A Family Business? Colonisation and Settlement in Twelfth-and Thirteenth-Century Galloway, Scottish Historical Review lxxii(1993),p. 111 40 The most recent edition of the Roman de fergus is Guillaume le Clerc, The Romance of Fergus, ed W Fescoln(Philadelphia, 1983). See also for another text La Chevalerie des sots, ed R. Wolf-Bonvin(Paris, 1990) D D.R. Owen, Fergus of Galloway: Knight ofKing Arthur (London, 1991), provides a translation. The various ossibilities regarding the commissioning of the work are canvassed in these editions and in M D. Legge, Some Notes on the roman de fergus,, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, xxvi(1948-9), pp. 163-72(Alan); B. Schmolke-Hasselmann, 'Le roman de Fergus: Technique narrative et intention politique, in An Arthurian Tapestry: Essays in Memory ofLewis Thorpe, ed. Kenneth Varty( Glasgow, 1981)(Balliol), and D. Brooke, Wild Men and Holy Places: St Ninian, Whithorn and the Medieval Realm of Galloway(Edinburgh, 1994),pp. 116-19( Roland). R.D. Oram, Fergus, Galloway and the Scots, in Gallow a, ysIs Land and Lordship, ed. Oram and Stell, pp. 119-20, casts doubt on any link with the lordship. A fascinating analysis f the roman de fergus is provided in N. Tolstoy, The Quest for Merlin(London, 1986), pp. 83-8 T.M. (Lord) Cooper, Selected Papers 1922-1954(Edinburgh, 1957),pp. 161-71; MacQueen, " Scots Law under Alexander Ill, pp 86-7 Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree(Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1841), p. 349; and Barrow, Witnesses, pp 10, 19n. 76 for ogettheyrns G W.S. Barrow, The Kingdomof the Scots(Edinburgh, 1973), pp. 7-68, and A Grant, Thanes and Thanages, from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Centuries, in Medieval Scotland Crown, Lordship and Community ed. A. Grant and KJ. Stringer(Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 39-81, for thanes; APS, 11, 21 C5) for cro(Scotticised as croy)early in the thirteenth century or, over sixty years later, that of Robert Bruce of Annandale with Marjorie, already countess of Carrick. Or perhaps its production should be linked with the Francophile tendencies of at least some parts of Gaelic-speaking society. This can perhaps be best illustrated by the careers of some of the lords of Galloway in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Although without doubt Gaelic-speaking and exercising a Gaelic form of lordship within their territory, they made grants of land in feudal form from the mid-twelfth century on, married into families of French descent, and founded Cistercian abbeys at Dundrennan around 1142 and at Glenluce in 1192.39 Lachlan, who held the lordship from 1185-1200, preferred to call himself by the evocative Frankish name of Roland, and may also have been under French influence when he named his heir Alan. It has been suggested that the Roman de Fergus, a French romance on the career of the first known lord of Galloway, was commissioned by one of his descendants, although there is dispute as to whether it was Roland or Alan (d. 1234), or perhaps even Alan’s daughter Dervorguilla Balliol (d. 1290), founder in 1273 of another Cistercian abbey, Sweetheart (Dulce Cor) near Dumfries, as well as of Balliol College, Oxford.40 The Balliol possibility is particularly interesting in the present context, since the Berne MS may also have Balliol links.41 A practical purpose for the French translation of the Leges is supported by the fact that the text in the Berne MS certainly does not seem to have been merely the work of an antiquarian or a romantic Celtic revivalist. There were ogettheyrns in thirteenth-century Scotland,42 while some of the other terms used, such as cro and thayn, still survived as current terminology for existing institutions as late as the fifteenth century.43 Underlining a contemporary perception of utility, the text in its Latin version was to be incorporated within Regiam Majestatem, perhaps 39 For discussion see R.D. Oram, ‘A Family Business? Colonisation and Settlement in Twelfth - and Thirteenth-Century Galloway’, Scottish Historical Review lxxii (1993), p. 111. 40 The most recent edition of the Roman de Fergus is Guillaume le Clerc, The Romance of Fergus, ed. W. Fescoln (Philadelphia, 1983). See also for another text La Chevalerie des Sots, ed. R. Wolf-Bonvin (Paris, 1990). D.D.R. Owen, Fergus of Galloway: Knight of King Arthur (London, 1991), provides a translation. The various possibilities regarding the commissioning of the work are canvassed in these editions and in M.D. Legge, ‘Some Notes on the Roman de Fergus’, Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, xxvii (1948-9), pp. 163-72 (Alan); B. Schmolke-Hasselmann, ‘Le Roman de Fergus: Technique narrative et intention politique’, in An Arthurian Tapestry: Essays in Memory of Lewis Thorpe, ed. Kenneth Varty (Glasgow, 1981) (Balliol), and D. Brooke, Wild Men and Holy Places: St Ninian, Whithorn and the Medieval Realm of Galloway (Edinburgh, 1994), pp. 116-19 (Roland). R.D. Oram, ‘Fergus, Galloway and the Scots’, in Galloway: Land and Lordship, ed. Oram and Stell, pp. 119-20, casts doubt on any link with the lordship. A fascinating analysis of the Roman de Fergus is provided in N. Tolstoy, The Quest for Merlin (London, 1986), pp. 83-8. 41 T.M. (Lord) Cooper, Selected Papers 1922-1954 (Edinburgh, 1957), pp. 161-71; MacQueen, ‘Scots Law under Alexander III’, pp. 86-7. 42 Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree (Bannatyne Club, Edinburgh, 1841), p. 349; and Barrow, ‘Witnesses’, pp. 10, 19 n. 76 for ogettheyrns. 43 G.W.S. Barrow, The Kingdom of the Scots(Edinburgh, 1973), pp. 7-68, and A. Grant, ‘Thanes and Thanages, from the Eleventh to the Fourteenth Centuries’, in Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, ed. A. Grant and K.J. Stringer (Edinburgh, 1993), pp. 39-81, for thanes; APS, ii, 21 © 5) for cro (Scotticised as ‘croy’)