版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 Spontaneous chemical reactions 9.1 The Gibbs energy minimum The response of equilibria to the conditions 9.2 How equilibria respond to pressure 9.3 The response of equilibria to temperature Applications to selected systems 9.4 The extraction of metals from their oxides 9.5 Acids and bases 9.6 Biological activity:the thermodynamics of ATP 9. Chemical equilibrium版权所有：华东理工大学物理化学教研室 2 Spontaneous chemical reactions 9.1 The Gibbs energy minimum The response of equilibria to the conditions 9.2 How equilibria respond to pressure 9.3 The response of equilibria to temperature Applications to selected systems 9.4 The extraction of metals from their oxides 9.5 Acids and bases 9.6 Biological activity:the thermodynamics of ATP 9. Chemical equilibrium