李昂等：金属增材制造技术的关键因素及发展方向 ·169· od.2016,78:25 压块 [6]Santos E C,Shiomi M,Osakada K,et al.Rapid manufacturing of 坩埚 控制机构 metal components by laser forming.Int I Mach Tools Manuf, 水平运动机构~ 2006,46(12-13):1459 塞杆 气压控制机构 [7]Zinovieva 0,Zinoviev A,Ploshikhin V.Three-dimensional mod- 喷嘴、 eling of the microstructure evolution during metal additive manu 基板 facturing.Comput Mater Sci,2018,141:207 冷却槽、 [8]Sames W J,List F A,Pannala S,et al.The metallurgy and pro- 竖直运动机构一 cessing science of metal additive manufacturing.Int Mater Rer, 2016,61(5):315 图13金属液流快冷增材制造技术原理图 [9]Sing S L,An J,Yeong W Y,et al.Laser and electron-beam pow- Fig.13 Schematic diagram of liquid metal flow rapid cooling additive der-bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants:a review on manufacturing processes,materials and designs.J Orthop Res,2016,34(3): 金属液流进行成形，并且采用高效的冷却系统与之 369 相匹配，解决了传统金属增材制造技术存在的成形 [10]Deckard C R.Method and Apparatus for Producing Parts by Se- lective Sintering:US Patent,US005316580A.1994-05-31 效率低、热积累严重等问题. [11]Kruth J P,Mercelis P,Van Vaerenbergh J,et al.Binding mech- 6结语 anisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping J,2005,11(1):26 金属增材制造技术集成了信息技术、光电技术、 [12]Kruth J P,Wang X,Laoui T,et al.Lasers and materials in se- 新材料技术和先进制造技术等多项现代科技成果， lective laser sintering.Assembly Autom,2003,23(4):357 [13]Orme M.A novel technique of rapid solidification net-form mate- 是制造技术的一次革命性的突破.在金属增材制造 rials synthesis.J Mater Eng Perform,1993,2(3):399 技术中，设备、材料和工艺是制约金属增材制造技术 [14]Fang M,Chandra S,Park C B.Building three-dimensional ob- 发展的关键因素，三者相辅相成，共同决定了金属增 jects by deposition of molten metal droplets.Rapid Prototyping 材制造产品的质量及性能.传统的金属增材制造技 2008,14(1):44 术在设备、材料和工艺方面还存在着诸如设备和材 [15]Liu Q B,Orme M.High precision solder droplet printing tech- 料成本高、产品成形尺寸受限、成形效率低、材料适 nology and the state-of-the-art.J Mater Process Technol,2001, 115(3):271 用性差、工艺参数匹配困难、热积累严重等问题，严 [16]Meiners W,Wissenbach K D,Gasser A D.Shaped Body espe 重阻碍了金属增材制造技术的发展. cially Prototype or Replacement Part Production:DE Patent, 降低设备和材料成本、扩大产品成形尺寸范围、 DE19649865C1.1998-02-12 提高产品精度和成形效率、拓展材料种类和适用范 [17]Sato Y,Tsukamoto M,Yamashita Y.Surface morphology of Ti- 围、减少工艺参数匹配难度、提升产品质量及综合性 6Al-4V plate fabricated by vacuum selective laser melting.Appl 能、开发金属增材制造新技术，能够有效解决目前金 PhxB,2015,119(3):545 [18]Jeantette F P,Keicher D M,Romero J A,et al.Method and 属增材制造技术所存在的问题，是金属增材制造技 System for Producing Complex-shape Objects:US Patent, 术的重要发展方向. 6046426.2000-04-04 [19]Liu W P,DuPont J N.Fabrication of functionally graded TiC/Ti 参考文献 composites by laser engineered net shaping.Scripta Mater,2003, [1]Mohan Pandey P,Venkata Reddy N,Dhande S G.Slicing proce- 48(9):1337 dures in layered manufacturing:a review.Rapid Prototyping / [20]Spencer J D,Dickens P M,Wykes C M.Rapid prototyping of 2003,9(5):274 metal parts by three-dimensional welding.Proc Instn Mech Eng [2]Qi L H,Chao Y P,Luo J,et al.A novel selection method of Part B J Eng Manuf,1998,212(3):175 scanning step for fabricating metal components based on micro- [21]Andersson L E.Larsson M.Device and Arrangement for Produ- droplet deposition manufacture.Int J Mach Tools Manuf,2012, cing A Three-dimensional Object:US Patent,7537722B2.2009- 56:50 05-26 [3]Gu DD,Meiners W,Wissenbach K,et al.Laser additive manu- [22]Zah M F,Lutzmann S.Modelling and simulation of electron facturing of metallic components:materials,processes and mecha- beam melting.Prod Eng,2010,4(1):15 nisms.Int Mater Rer,2012,57(3):133 [23]Wu G H,Langrana N A,Sadanji R,et al.Solid freeform fabri- [4]Frazier W E.Metal additive manufacturing:a review.J Mater cation of metal components using fused deposition of metals.Ma- Eng Perform,2014,23(6):1917 ter Des,2002,23(1):97 [5]Pinkerton A J.Lasers in additive manufacturing.Opt Laser Techn- [24]Mireles J.Espalin D,Roberson D,et al.Fused deposition mod-李 昂等: 金属增材制造技术的关键因素及发展方向 图 13 金属液流快冷增材制造技术原理图 Fig. 13 Schematic diagram of liquid metal flow rapid cooling additive manufacturing 金属液流进行成形,并且采用高效的冷却系统与之 相匹配,解决了传统金属增材制造技术存在的成形 效率低、热积累严重等问题. 6 结语 金属增材制造技术集成了信息技术、光电技术、 新材料技术和先进制造技术等多项现代科技成果, 是制造技术的一次革命性的突破. 在金属增材制造 技术中,设备、材料和工艺是制约金属增材制造技术 发展的关键因素,三者相辅相成,共同决定了金属增 材制造产品的质量及性能. 传统的金属增材制造技 术在设备、材料和工艺方面还存在着诸如设备和材 料成本高、产品成形尺寸受限、成形效率低、材料适 用性差、工艺参数匹配困难、热积累严重等问题,严 重阻碍了金属增材制造技术的发展. 降低设备和材料成本、扩大产品成形尺寸范围、 提高产品精度和成形效率、拓展材料种类和适用范 围、减少工艺参数匹配难度、提升产品质量及综合性 能、开发金属增材制造新技术,能够有效解决目前金 属增材制造技术所存在的问题,是金属增材制造技 术的重要发展方向. 参 考 文 献 [1] Mohan Pandey P, Venkata Reddy N, Dhande S G. Slicing proce鄄 dures in layered manufacturing: a review. Rapid Prototyping J, 2003, 9(5): 274 [2] Qi L H, Chao Y P, Luo J, et al. A novel selection method of scanning step for fabricating metal components based on micro鄄 droplet deposition manufacture. Int J Mach Tools Manuf, 2012, 56: 50 [3] Gu D D, Meiners W, Wissenbach K, et al. Laser additive manu鄄 facturing of metallic components: materials, processes and mecha鄄 nisms. Int Mater Rev, 2012, 57(3): 133 [4] Frazier W E. Metal additive manufacturing: a review. J Mater Eng Perform, 2014, 23(6): 1917 [5] Pinkerton A J. Lasers in additive manufacturing. Opt Laser Techn鄄 ol, 2016, 78: 25 [6] Santos E C, Shiomi M, Osakada K, et al. Rapid manufacturing of metal components by laser forming. Int J Mach Tools Manuf, 2006, 46(12鄄13): 1459 [7] Zinovieva O, Zinoviev A, Ploshikhin V. Three鄄dimensional mod鄄 eling of the microstructure evolution during metal additive manu鄄 facturing. Comput Mater Sci, 2018, 141: 207 [8] Sames W J, List F A, Pannala S, et al. The metallurgy and pro鄄 cessing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int Mater Rev, 2016, 61(5): 315 [9] Sing S L, An J, Yeong W Y, et al. Laser and electron鄄beam pow鄄 der鄄bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: a review on processes, materials and designs. J Orthop Res, 2016, 34 (3 ): 369 [10] Deckard C R. Method and Apparatus for Producing Parts by Se鄄 lective Sintering: US Patent, US005316580A. 1994鄄鄄05鄄鄄31 [11] Kruth J P, Mercelis P, Van Vaerenbergh J, et al. Binding mech鄄 anisms in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyping J, 2005, 11(1): 26 [12] Kruth J P, Wang X, Laoui T, et al. Lasers and materials in se鄄 lective laser sintering. Assembly Autom, 2003, 23(4): 357 [13] Orme M. A novel technique of rapid solidification net鄄form mate鄄 rials synthesis. J Mater Eng Perform, 1993, 2(3): 399 [14] Fang M, Chandra S, Park C B. Building three鄄dimensional ob鄄 jects by deposition of molten metal droplets. Rapid Prototyping J, 2008, 14(1): 44 [15] Liu Q B, Orme M. High precision solder droplet printing tech鄄 nology and the state鄄of鄄the鄄art. J Mater Process Technol, 2001, 115(3): 271 [16] Meiners W, Wissenbach K D, Gasser A D. Shaped Body espe鄄 cially Prototype or Replacement Part Production: DE Patent, DE19649865C1. 1998鄄鄄02鄄鄄12 [17] Sato Y, Tsukamoto M, Yamashita Y. Surface morphology of Ti鄄鄄 6Al鄄鄄4V plate fabricated by vacuum selective laser melting. Appl Phys B, 2015, 119(3): 545 [18] Jeantette F P, Keicher D M, Romero J A, et al. Method and System for Producing Complex鄄shape Objects: US Patent, 6046426. 2000鄄鄄04鄄鄄04 [19] Liu W P, DuPont J N. Fabrication of functionally graded TiC / Ti composites by laser engineered net shaping. Scripta Mater, 2003, 48(9): 1337 [20] Spencer J D, Dickens P M, Wykes C M. Rapid prototyping of metal parts by three鄄dimensional welding. Proc Instn Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf, 1998, 212(3): 175 [21] Andersson L E, Larsson M. Device and Arrangement for Produ鄄 cing A Three鄄dimensional Object: US Patent, 7537722B2. 2009鄄鄄 05鄄鄄26 [22] Z覿h M F, Lutzmann S. Modelling and simulation of electron beam melting. Prod Eng, 2010, 4(1): 15 [23] Wu G H, Langrana N A, Sadanji R, et al. Solid freeform fabri鄄 cation of metal components using fused deposition of metals. Ma鄄 ter Des, 2002, 23(1): 97 [24] Mireles J, Espalin D, Roberson D, et al. Fused deposition mod鄄 ·169·