applications. Table 5 lists a classification of standards in targets, browsers or microbrowser, serve. the first generation(IG), second generations(2G, 2.5G), component is similar to that used n electronic and third generation(3G) wireless cellular networks. IG commerce system. Most of the mobile commerce ystems such as the advanced mobile phone system application programs reside in this component, except for (AMPS)and total access control system(TACS)are some client-side programs such as cookies. It contains becoming obsolete, and thus will not play a significant three major components: a Web server, a database server role in mobile commerce systems. The global system for and application programs and support software mobile communications (GSM) and its enhancement Web servers. a Web server is a server-side general packet radio service( GPRS) have mainly been application program that runs on a host computer and version--enhanced data for global evolution(ED graded Manages the Web pages stored on the Web sites database developed and deployed in Europe. GPRS can support ma capable of supporting 384 kbps. In the U.S., wireless Apache, and commercial packages from Microsoft, operators use time division multiple access(TDMA)and Netscape, and others. Since April 1996, Apache has been code division multiple access( cdma)technologiEs in the most popular Http server on the Internet in May their cellular networks 1999, it was running on 57% of all web servers. It was developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in Generation Radio Switching Standards themostpopularhttpserverofthetimeNcsahttpd 1.3. It has since evolved to rival(and probably surpass) almost any other Unix based Http server in terms of Circuit- AMPS functionality and speed. It features highly configurable Digital switched error messages, DBM-based authentication databases, and contro Circuit- GSM content negotiation witched Database servers. Other than the server-side Digital Packet database servers, a growing trend is to provide a mobile CDMA switched database or an embedded database to a handheld device with a wide range of data-processing functionality. The 2.5G Digital Packet- switched EDGE functionality is frequently very sophisticated, and the flat Packe CDMA2000 file system that comes with these devices may not be able to adequately handle and manipulate data. Embedded databases have very small footprints, and must be able to Table 5. Major cellular wireless networks run without the services of a database administrator and accommodate the low-bandwidth constraints of a Currently, most of the cellular wireless networks in wireless-handheld network. Some leading embedded- the world follow 2G or 2. 5G standards. There is no doubt databases are Progress Software databases, Sybase's that in the near future, 3G systems with quality-of-service Anywhere products, and Ardent Software's DataStage [7] (Qos) capability will dominate wireless cellular services. programs and support software. Web The two main standards of 3G are Wideband CDMa and database servers are mandatory for mobile commerce (WCDMA), proposed by Ericsson, and CDMA2000, systems; application programs handle all server-side proposed by Qualcomm. They both use direct sequence processing. However, to facilitate mobile commerce spread spectrum (DSSS) in a 5-MHz bandwidth. applications, some other support software is needed. For Technical differences between them include a different example, various programming languages, including Perl chip rate, frame time, spectrum used, and time Java, Visual Basic, C/C++, etc, and the CGI( Common synchronization mechanism. The WCDMA system can Gateway Interface) for transferring information between inter-network with GSM networks and was strongly Web server and a CGI program are necessary Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 8. St CDMA2000 is backward-compatible with IS-95, which is widely deployed in the U.S The emerging wireless and mobile networks have extended electronic commerce to another research and 7. Host Computers application subject: mobile commerce. A mobile commerce system involves a range of disciplines and A host computer produces and stores all the technologies. This level of complexity makes information for mobile commerce applications. Because understanding and constructing a mobile commerce it is the mobile commerce application programs, rather system an arduous task. To facilitate this process, this than the host computers themselves, that are aware of the Proceedings of the 23 rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops(ICDCSw03 SOCIETY 0-7695-1921-003$1700@2003lEEEapplications. Table 5 lists a classification of standards in the first generation (1G), second generations (2G, 2.5G), and third generation (3G) wireless cellular networks. 1G systems such as the advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) and total access control system (TACS) are becoming obsolete, and thus will not play a significant role in mobile commerce systems. The global system for mobile communications (GSM) and its enhancement general packet radio service (GPRS) have mainly been developed and deployed in Europe. GPRS can support data rates of only about 100 kbps, but its upgraded ￾
￾

  
￾ ￾ capable of supporting 384 kbps. In the U.S., wireless operators use time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) technologies in their cellular networks. Generation Radio Channels Switching Technique Standards (Examples) 1G Analog voice; Digital control Circuit￾switched AMPS TACS Circuit￾switched GSM TDMA 2G Digital Packet￾switched CDMA 2.5G Digital Packet￾switched GPRS EDGE 3G Digital Packet￾switched CDMA2000 WCDMA Table 5. Major cellular wireless networks Currently, most of the cellular wireless networks in the world follow 2G or 2.5G standards. There is no doubt that in the near future, 3G systems with quality-of-service (QoS) capability will dominate wireless cellular services. The two main standards of 3G are Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), proposed by Ericsson, and CDMA2000, proposed by Qualcomm. They both use direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) in a 5-MHz bandwidth. Technical differences between them include a different chip rate, frame time, spectrum used, and time synchronization mechanism. The WCDMA system can inter-network with GSM networks and was strongly supported by the European Union, which called it Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). CDMA2000 is backward-compatible with IS-95, which is widely deployed in the U.S. 7. Host Computers A host computer produces and stores all the information for mobile commerce applications. Because it is the mobile commerce application programs, rather than the host computers themselves, that are aware of the targets, browsers or microbrowsers, they serve, this component is similar to that used in an electronic commerce system. Most of the mobile commerce application programs reside in this component, except for some client-side programs such as cookies. It contains three major components: a Web server, a database server, and application programs and support software. Web servers. A Web server is a server-side application program that runs on a host computer and manages the Web pages stored on the Web site’s database. There are many Web server software applications, including public domain software from NCSA and Apache, and commercial packages from Microsoft, Netscape, and others. Since April 1996, Apache has been the most popular HTTP server on the Internet; in May 1999, it was running on 57% of all web servers. It was developed in early 1995, based on code and ideas found in the most popular HTTP server of the time, NCSA httpd 1.3. It has since evolved to rival (and probably surpass) almost any other Unix based HTTP server in terms of functionality and speed. It features highly configurable error messages, DBM-based authentication databases, and content negotiation. Database servers. Other than the server-side database servers, a growing trend is to provide a mobile database or an embedded database to a handheld device with a wide range of data-processing functionality. The functionality is frequently very sophisticated, and the flat file system that comes with these devices may not be able to adequately handle and manipulate data. Embedded databases have very small footprints, and must be able to run without the services of a database administrator and accommodate the low-bandwidth constraints of a wireless-handheld network. Some leading embedded￾databases are Progress Software databases, Sybase’s Anywhere products, and Ardent Software’s DataStage [7]. Application programs and support software. Web and database servers are mandatory for mobile commerce systems; application programs handle all server-side processing. However, to facilitate mobile commerce applications, some other support software is needed. For example, various programming languages, including Perl, Java, Visual Basic, C/C++, etc., and the CGI (Common Gateway Interface) for transferring information between a Web server and a CGI program are necessary. 8. Summary The emerging wireless and mobile networks have extended electronic commerce to another research and application subject: mobile commerce. A mobile commerce system involves a range of disciplines and technologies. This level of complexity makes understanding and constructing a mobile commerce system an arduous task. To facilitate this process, this Proceedings of the 23 rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW’03) 0-7695-1921-0/03 $17.00 © 2003 IEEE