Consequently, we need to learn how to listen actively and critically. We need to recognize that listening is an art involving skills that we can develop only with time and practice. We must realize, for example, that to listen and learn from whatwe are hearing we need to learn to ask key questions that enabl e us to locate ourselves in the thought of another: " l'm not sure I understand you when you say., could you explain that further? ""Could you give me an example orillustration of this? " Would you also say.? et me see if I understand you. What you are saying is. Is that right? ""How do you respond to this objection? Critical readers ask questions as they read and use those questions to orient themselves to what an author is saying. Critical listeners ask questions as they listen to orient themse lves to what a speakeris saying: "Why does she say that? What examples could I give to illustrate that point? What is the main point? How does this detail relate to the main point? That one? Is he using this word as I would, or somewhat differently? These highly skilled and activated processes are crucial to learning. We need to heighten student awareness of and practice in them as often as we can. S-23 Making Interdisciplinary Connections Principle: Although in some ways it is convenient to divide knowledge up into disciplines, the divisions are not absolute Critical thinkers do not allow the somewhat arbitrary distinctions between academic subjects to control their thinking. When considering issues which transcend subjects(and most real-life sues do), they bring relevant concepts, knowledge, and insights from many subjects to the analysis They make use of insights from one subject to inform their understanding of other subjects. There are bjects. To understand, say, reasons for the American Re historical question), insights from technology, geography, economics, and philosophy can be fruitfully S-24 Practicing Socratic Discussion: Clarifying and Questioning Beliefs, Theories, or Pers Principle: Critical thinkers are nothing if not questioners. The ability to question and probe deeply to get down to root ideas to get beneath the mere appearanoe of things, is at the very heart of the activity. And as questioners they have many different kinds of questions and moves available and can follow up their questions appropriately They can use questioning techniques, not to make others look stupid, but to learn what they think, help them develop their ideas, or as a prelude to evaluating them. When conf ronted with a new idea, they want to understand it, to relate it to their experience, and to determine its implications, consequences and value. They can fruitfully uncover the structure of their own and others 'perspectives. Probing questions are the tools by which these goals are reached Furthermore, critical thinkers are comfortable being questioned. They don t become offended, confused or intimidated. They welcome good questions as an opportunity to develop a line of thought. S-25 Reasoning Dialogically: Comparing Perspectives, Interpretations, or Theories Principle: Dialogical thinking refers to thinking that involves a dialogue or extended exchange between different points of view. Whenever we consider concepts or issues deeply, we naturally explore their connections to other ideas and issues within different points of view Critical thinkers need to be able to engage in fruitful, exploratory dialogue, proposing ideas, probing their roots, considering subject matter insights and evidence, testing ideas, and moving between variousConsequently, we need to learn how to listen actively and critically. We need to recognize that listening is an art involving skills that we can develop only with time and practice. We must realize, for example, that to listen and learn from what we are hearing, we need to learn to ask key questions that enabl e us to locate ourselves in the thought of another: "I'm not sure I understand you when you say..., could you explain that further?" "Could you give me an example or illustration of this?" "Would you also say ...?" "Let me see if I understand you. What you are saying is... Is that right?" "How do you respond to this objection?" Critical readers ask questions as they read and use those questions to orient themselves to what an author is saying. Critical listeners ask questions as they listen to orient themselves to what a speaker is saying: "Why does she say that? What examples could I give to illustrate that point? What is the main point? How does this detail relate to the main point? That one? Is he using this word as I would, or somewhat differently?" These highly skilled and activated processes are crucial to learning. We need to heighten student awareness of and practice in them as often as we can. S-23 Making Interdisciplinary Connections Principle: Although in some ways it is convenient to divide knowledge up into disciplines, the divisions are not absolute. Critical thinkers do not allow the somewhat arbitrary distinctions between academic subjects to control their thinking. When considering issues which transcend subjects (and most real-life issues do), they bring relevant concepts, knowledge, and insights from many subjects to the analysis. They make use of insights from one subject to inform their understanding of other subjects. There are always connections between subjects. To understand, say, reasons for the American Revolution (historical question), insights from technology, geography, economics, and philosophy can be fruitfully applied. S-24 Practicing Socratic Discussion: Clarifying and Questioning Beliefs, Theories, or Perspectives Principle: Critical thinkers are nothing if not questioners. The ability to question and probe deeply, to get down to root ideas, to get beneath the mere appearance of things, is at the very heart of the activity. And, as questioners, they have many different kinds of questions and moves available and can follow up their questions appropriately. They can use questioning techniques, not to make others look stupid, but to learn what they think, help them develop their ideas, or as a prelude to evaluating them. When confronted with a new idea, they want to understand it, to relate it to their experience, and to determine its implications, consequences, and value. They can fruitfully uncover the structure of their own and others' perspectives. Probing questions are the tools by which these goals are reached. Furthermore, critical thinkers are comfortable being questioned. They don't become offended, confused, or intimidated. They welcome good questions as an opportunity to develop a line of thought. S-25 Reasoning Dialogically: Comparing Perspectives, Interpretations, or Theories Principle: Dialogical thinking refers to thinking that involves a dialogue or extended exchange between different points of view. Whenever we consider concepts or issues deeply, we naturally explore their connections to other ideas and issues within different points of view. Critical thinkers need to be able to engage in fruitful, exploratory dialogue, proposing ideas, probing their roots, considering subject matter insights and evidence, testing ideas, and moving between various