378 WORLD POLITICS that go along with trade practices.They also pertain to the transforma- tion of alliance structures in a nuclear world. Although many of these goods are measurable in economic terms, they are not to be considered in the domain of international economics. On the contrary,one of the central features of politics among modern- ized socictics is that the politics of wealth and welfare have over- shadowed the politics of power and position,which in the relations among modernized societies are played out in economic terms.Trade rounds in GATT and reform measures in the IMF are the cssence of international politics today.The purely political and purely economic cannot be seen as empirically separable. Moreover,since the salient feature of this relation is an economic one,it has the additional charactcristic that it is eminently commensura- ble,thus fostering theorizing about international political relations. One of the traditional difficulties associated with theorizing about international politics was that traditional national foreign objectives tended to be incommensurable.These goals were,in general,trans- cendental,by which I mean that they were never completely identified with empirical states of affairs.Such goals as“security,”“grandeur,” or"power"are characteristic transcendental national goals.In the case of highly modernized socicties,there arises an additional spectrum of goals that are empirical or at least almost completely transferable to empirical ones.These goals generally refer to qualities associated with wealth and welfare. Second,with respect to the processes by which foreign policies are formulated,it is modernization rather than democratization that has transformed foreign policy decision-making from cabinet-style,closed decision-making,to open politics,both domestically and in interna- tional negotiations.The locus of foreign policy decision-making,with rare exception,has remained fundamentally administrative,with the legislature in a democracy becoming a place where foreign policy debates,as opposed to decisions,occur. Third,and last,the problem of implementing and controlling for- eign policies is also transformed under modernization.In one sense, as indicated by the definition I have proposed concerning foreign policies,the problem of controlling events external to a state is the pre-eminent problem for foreign policy wherever there exist political units without any overarching political authority structures.There was 1 For a discussion of the transfer of action referents from transcendental to cm- pirical ones,see Marion J.Levy,Jr.,"Rapid Social Change and Some Implications for Modernization,"International Conference on the Problems of Modernization in Asia, June 28-July 7,1965 (Seoul 1g65),657-58