Fermentation Pilot Plant 3 processing and can generate information to determine the optimal cost structure in manufacturing and energy consumption as well as the testing of various raw materials in the medium 1.1 Fermentation Pilot plant Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, or actinomycete have manufactured amino acids, nucleic acids, enzymes, organic acids, alcohols and physiologically active substances on an industrial scale. The" New Biotechnology"is making it increasingly possible to use recombinant DNA techniques to produce many kinds of physiologically active substances such as interferons, insulin, and salmon growth hormone which now only exist in small amounts in plants and animals This section will discuss the general problems that arise in pilot plant, rmentation and scale-up. The section will focus on three main topics: (i) bioreactors and culture techniques, (ii) the application of com sensing technologies to fermentation, and (iii) the scale-up itse bouter and 1. 2 Bioreactors and Culture Techniques for Microbial Processes Current bioreactors are grouped into either culture vessels and reactors using biocatalysts(e.g, immobilized enzymes/microorganisms)or plant and animal tissues. The latter is sometimes used to mean the bioreactor Table I shows a number of aerobic fermentation systems which are schematically classified into(i) internal mechanical agitation reactors, (i) extemal circulation reactors, and (iii) bubble column and air-lift loop reactors. This classification is based on both agitation and aeration as it relates to oxygen supply. In this table, reactor I is often used at the industrial level and reactors(a)2, (b )2, (c)2, and( c)3, can be fitted with draught tubes to improve both mixing and oxygen supply efficiencies Culture techniques can be classified into batch, fed-batch, and con inuous operation(Table 2). In batch processes, all the nutrients required for cell growth and product formation are present in the medium prior to cultivation. Oxygen is supplied by aeration. The cessation ofgrowth reflects the exhaustion of the limiting substrate in the medium. For fed-batch processes, the usual fed-batch and the repeated fed-batch operations are listed in Table 2 A fed-batch operation is that operation in which one or more nutrients are added continuously or intermittently to the initial medium after the start of cultivation or from the halfway point through the batch process. DetailsFermentation Pilot Plant 3 processing and can generate information to determine the optimal cost structure in manufacturing and energy consumption as well as the testing of various raw materials in the medium. 1.1 Fermentation Pilot Plant Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, or actinomycete have manufactured amino acids, nucleic acids, enzymes, organic acids, alcohols and physiologically active substances on an industrial scale. The “New Biotechnology” is making it increasingly possible to use recombinant DNA techniques to produce many kinds of physiologically active substances such as interferons, insulin, and salmon growth hormone which now only exist in small amounts in plants and animals. This section will discuss the general problems that arise in pilot plant, fermentation and scale-up. The section will focus on three main topics: (i) bioreactors and culture techniques, (ii) the application of computer and sensing technologies to fermentation, and (iii) the scale-up itself. 1.2 Bioreactors and Culture Techniques for Microbial Processes Current bioreactors aregrouped into either culture vessels and reactors using biocatalysts (e.g., immobilized enzymes/microorganisms) or plant and animal tissues. The latter is sometimes used to mean the bioreactor. Table 1 shows a number of aerobic fermentation systems which are schematically classified into (i) internal mechanical agitation reactors, (ii) external circulation reactors, and (iii) bubble column and air-lift loop reactors. This classification is based on both agitation and aeration as it relates to oxygen supply. In this table, reactor 1 is often used at the industrial level and reactors (a)2, (b)2, (c)2, and (c)3, can be fitted with draught tubes to improve both mixing and oxygen supply efficiencies. Culture techniques can be classified into batch, fed-batch, and con￾tinuous operation (Table 2). In batch processes, all the nutrients required for cell growth and product formation are present in the medium prior to cultivation. Oxygen is supplied by aeration. The cessation ofgrowth reflects the exhaustion of the limiting substrate in the medium. For fed-batch processes, the usual fed-batch and the repeated fed-batch operations are listed in Table 2. A fed-batch operation is that operation in which one or more nutrients are added continuously or intermittently to the initial medium after the start of cultivation or from the halfway point through the batch process. Details