Non-migratory bioactive polymers(NMBP)in food packaging 75 active compounds to be used to maximum effect. Similarly, sampling the headspace of a product for substances indicative of microbial growth using an enzymatic spoilage indicator(de Kruif et al, 2002), could be accomplished by locating the indicator in the package headspace in a position where it will be most visible to a consumer. This minimises use of expensive materials, e.g. enzymes and possible undesirable interactions with the food 5.2.2 Regulatory advantages Regulations relating to active food packaging are still evolving. As new technologies develop, regulations generally must be modified to encompass them. a detailed discussion of European Union regulations relating to food packaging, with specific discussions of the implications for active and intelligent packaging systems, is presented by de Kruif and rijk in Chapter 22 of this text (de Kruijf and Rijk, 2003). It is important in interpreting this work from a NMBP standpoint to recall that nMBP do not result in migration of the active components into the food As noted by various authors(de Kruif et al, 2002, de Kruif and rijk 2003; Meroni, 2000; Vermeiren et al., 2002, Vermeiren et al., 1999), there are no specific EU regulations for active or intelligent packaging; rather these packaging systems are subject to the same regulations as traditional packaging These regulations require that all components used to manufacture food contact materials be on positive lists, active and intelligent agents are not typically included on these lists. Further, the regulations set down migration limits for both overall migration and migration of specific components. For NMBP the migration requirements should not be problematic, al though a lack of migration will need to be established as detailed in the appropriate regulations. The compounds used to manufacture NMBP, however, will need to be included on the relevant positive lists. The key Directive(regulation) of concern is 89/109/EEC. De Kruijf and Rijk(2003) indicate that a new Directive, to replace 89/109/EEC, will soon be published and will allow the use of active and intelligent food contact materials. For more information In the United States, regulations relating to food contact materials can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations(CFR) Title 21 Parts 170 through 190 (Anon, 2002). The regulations revolve around determining if compounds in ckaging materials are food additives. Food additives are defined as substances the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, either in their becoming a direct component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food. Further, If there is no migration of a packaging component from the package to the food, it does not become a component of the food and thus is not a food additive unless it is used"to give a different flavour. texture of other characteristic in the food in which case it may'be a food additive(21 CFR $170.3(e)(1). The regulations also establish guidelines for determining limits below which migration can be consideredactive compounds to be used to maximum effect. Similarly, sampling the headspace of a product for substances indicative of microbial growth using an enzymatic spoilage indicator (de Kruijf et al., 2002), could be accomplished by locating the indicator in the package headspace in a position where it will be most visible to a consumer. This minimises use of expensive materials, e.g. enzymes, and possible undesirable interactions with the food. 5.2.2 Regulatory advantages Regulations relating to active food packaging are still evolving. As new technologies develop, regulations generally must be modified to encompass them. A detailed discussion of European Union regulations relating to food packaging, with specific discussions of the implications for active and intelligent packaging systems, is presented by de Kruif and Rijk in Chapter 22 of this text (de Kruijf and Rijk, 2003). It is important in interpreting this work from a NMBP standpoint to recall that NMBP do not result in migration of the active components into the food. As noted by various authors (de Kruijf et al., 2002; de Kruijf and Rijk, 2003; Meroni, 2000; Vermeiren et al., 2002; Vermeiren et al., 1999), there are no specific EU regulations for active or intelligent packaging; rather these packaging systems are subject to the same regulations as traditional packaging. These regulations require that all components used to manufacture food contact materials be on ‘positive lists’; active and intelligent agents are not typically included on these lists. Further, the regulations set down migration limits for both overall migration and migration of specific components. For NMBP the migration requirements should not be problematic, although a lack of migration will need to be established as detailed in the appropriate regulations. The compounds used to manufacture NMBP, however, will need to be included on the relevant positive lists. The key Directive (regulation) of concern is 89/109/EEC. De Kruijf and Rijk (2003) indicate that a new Directive, to replace 89/109/EEC, will soon be published and will allow the use of active and intelligent food contact materials. For more information, consult Chapter 22. In the United States, regulations relating to food contact materials can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21 Parts 170 through 190 (Anon., 2002). The regulations revolve around determining if compounds in packaging materials are food additives. Food additives are defined as substances ‘the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result, directly or indirectly, either in their becoming a direct component of food or otherwise affecting the characteristics of food’. Further, ‘If there is no migration of a packaging component from the package to the food, it does not become a component of the food and thus is not a food additive’ unless it is used ‘to give a different flavour, texture of other characteristic in the food’, in which case it ‘may’ be a food additive (21 CFR §170.3 (e) (1)). The regulations also establish guidelines for determining limits below which migration can be considered Non-migratory bioactive polymers (NMBP) in food packaging 75