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Part 5: Electrical Therapies 1v-45 Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation. Subcom- 84. Jorgenson D, Morgan C, Snyder D, Griesser H, Solosko T, Chan K, nittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation. 1997, 95: 1677-1682 Skarr T. Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated 64. Dickey W, Dalzell Gw, Anderson JM, Adgey AA. The accuracy of external defibrillator. Crif Care Med. 2002: 30: S145-S147 decision-making of a semi-automatic defibrillator during cardiac arrest. 85. Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V, Wilson P, Taylor RA, Reddy K, Backscheider AG, Dudley SC Jr. A program encouraging early defibril- Atkinson E, Mikysa B. Conway JA, Parker M, Christian K, Deshpande on results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll J, Knilans TK, Smith J, Walker C, Stickney RE, Hampton DR, Hazins Cardiol.2004:44:846-852. MF. Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator 86. Destro a. marzaloni m. sermasi s. rossi f automatic extemal defi- rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 2003: 42 brillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation. 1996: 31: 39-43 85-196 87. Kaye w, Mancini M, Richards N. Organizing and implementing a 6. Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul Cl, Perry JC, Zir nan AA. duncan hospital-wide first-responder automated extemal defibrillation program: BW, Lupinetti FM, Snyder D, Lyster TD, Rosenthal GL, Cross B thening the in-hospital chain of survival. Resuscitation. 1995: 30 tkins DL. Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator 151-156 accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic 88. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, Larkin GL, Nadkarni V, Mancini ME, external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circu- lation.2001;103:2483-2488 67. Monsieurs KG. Conraads VM. Goethals MP, Snoeck JP, Bossaert LL. Regist A, Nichol G, Lane-Trultt T. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003; 58 Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pace- makers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. resusci- 89. Yoon Rs, DeMonte TP, Hasanov KF, Jorgenson DB, Joy ML. Mea- lauron.1995:30:127-131 urement of thoracic current flow in pigs for the study of defibrillation 68. Panacek EA, Munger MA. Rutherford wF, Gardner SF. Report of and cardioversion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2003: 50: 1167-1173. nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation. Am J Emerg Med. 90. Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, Marcus M, Kennedy J. Transthoracic 92:10:1 resistance in human defibrillation: influence of body weight, chest size, 69. Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R. Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation. 1995: 30: 141-150. 1981:63:676-682. 70. Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE, Kimball KT, Goldman M, Ward MA, 91. Kerber RE, Kouba C, Martins J, Kelly K, Low R, Hoyt R, Ferguson D, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of cardiopulmonary arrest [published correction appears in Ann Emerg ining the success of low-energy shocks. Circu- Med.19993:3581 Ann Emerg Med.199933:174-184 lation.1984:70:303-308. 71. Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM. Pediatric patients 92. Lerman BB. DiMarco JP. Haines DE. Current-based versus requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995: 25: nergy-based ventricular defibrillation: a prospective study. J Am Coll 495-501 Cardiol.1988:12:1259-1264. platon GO, Cummins RO, Graves 93. Kerber RE, Martins JB. Kienzle MG, Constantin L, Olshansky B rescuer: at what age should you"call first rather than"call fast"? Ann and cardioversion: clinical studies based 73. Ronco R, King w, Donley DK, Tilden SJ. Outcome and cost at a childrens hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopul- 94. Dalzell Gw, Cunningham SR, Anderson J, Adgey AA. Electrode pad sL Arch Pediatr Adolesc med. 1995: 149: 210 and success of external ventricular defi- 74. Losek JD, Hennes H, Glaeser P, Hendley G, Nelson DB. Prehospital e of the pulseless, nonbreathing pediatric patient. Am J Emerg Med. 95. Stults KR, Brown DD, Cooley F, Kerber RE. Self-adhesive monitor/ defibrillation pads improve prehospital defibrillation success. Ann 75. Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, Tiedeman D, Fahrenbruch C. Herndon Emerg Med.1987;16:872-877 aI ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents 96. Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kelly K, Ferguson Dw, Kouba C, Jensen SR, causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 1995: 25: 484-491 Newman B. Parke JD, Kieso R, Melton J. Self-adhesive preapplied he epidemiology of cardiac electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol. arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med. 1992: 21: 1 102-1106 77. Gurnett CA, Atkins DL. Successful use of a biphasic waveform 97. Kerber RE, Martins JB. Ferguson Dw, Jensen SR, Parke JD, Kieso R, automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. am cardiol Melton J. Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive defibrillation electrodes. Int CardioL. 1985: 8: 57-66 2000:86:1051-1053 98. Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F. Delays in defibrillation: influence of 78. Atkins D, Jorgenson D. Attenuated pediatric electrode pads for automated extemal defibrillator use in children. Resuscitation. 2005: 66: different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth. 2002: 89: 405-408 99. Levine PA. Barold Ss. Fletcher RD. Talbot P. Adverse acute and 31-37 chronic effects of electrical defibrillation and cardioversion on 79. Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD, Hilwig RW, Banville L, w Nova r. sherrill d. Kern kB. attenuated ad e model of implanted unipolar cardiac pacing systems. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983: 1 ompared with weight-based monophasic shocks 100. American National Standard: Automatic External Defibrillators and 2004:61 Remote Controlled Defibrillators(DF39). Arlington, Va: Association 189-197 for the Advancement of medical Instrumentation: 1993 eil Mh on D, Klouche K. Morgan T Sun S Ol. Dahl CF, Ewy GA, Warner ED, Thomas ED Myocardial necrosis from nyder D. Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric modelof cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med.2002:30: interval between discharges. Circulation. 1974: 50: 956-961 2736-2741 102. Wilson RF. Sirna S, White Cw, Kerber RE. Defibrillation of high-risk 81. Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR, Karlsson G, Kerber RE. Pediatri patients during coronary angiography using self-adhesive, preapplied ansthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in electrode pads. Am J Cardiol. 1987: 60: 380-382. experimental model. Resuscitation. 2001: 51: 159-163. 82. Gutgesell HP, Tacker WA, Geddes LA, Davis S, Lie JT, McNamara preapplied electrode pads in pediatric defibrillation. Am J Cardiol. Energy dose for ventric 995:75:544-54 976:58:898-90l 104. Callaway Cw, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, 83. Samson RA, Berg RA, Bingham R, Biarent D, Coovadia A, Hazinski Clarkson MC. Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out MF, Hickey Rw, Nadkarni v, Nichol G, Tibballs J. Reis AG, Tse S, of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001: 103 Zideman D. Potts J, Uzark K. Atkins D. Use of automated external 656-1661 efibrillators for children: an update: an advisory statement from the 105. Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK. pediatric advanced life support task force, Intemational Liaison Com- Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after mittee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2003: 107: 3250-3255. cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med. 1985: 102: 53-55Association Task Force on Automatic External Defibrillation, Subcom￾mittee on AED Safety and Efficacy. Circulation. 1997;95:1677–1682. 64. Dickey W, Dalzell GW, Anderson JM, Adgey AA. The accuracy of decision-making of a semi-automatic defibrillator during cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:608–615. 65. Atkinson E, Mikysa B, Conway JA, Parker M, Christian K, Deshpande J, Knilans TK, Smith J, Walker C, Stickney RE, Hampton DR, Hazinski MF. Specificity and sensitivity of automated external defibrillator rhythm analysis in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;42: 185–196. 66. Cecchin F, Jorgenson DB, Berul CI, Perry JC, Zimmerman AA, Duncan BW, Lupinetti FM, Snyder D, Lyster TD, Rosenthal GL, Cross B, Atkins DL. Is arrhythmia detection by automatic external defibrillator accurate for children? Sensitivity and specificity of an automatic external defibrillator algorithm in 696 pediatric arrhythmias. Circu￾lation. 2001;103:2483–2488. 67. Monsieurs KG, Conraads VM, Goethals MP, Snoeck JP, Bossaert LL. Semi-automatic external defibrillation and implanted cardiac pace￾makers: understanding the interactions during resuscitation. Resusci￾tation. 1995;30:127–131. 68. Panacek EA, Munger MA, Rutherford WF, Gardner SF. Report of nitropatch explosions complicating defibrillation. Am J Emerg Med. 1992;10:128–129. 69. Kuisma M, Suominen P, Korpela R. Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome. Resuscitation. 1995;30:141–150. 70. Sirbaugh PE, Pepe PE, Shook JE, Kimball KT, Goldman MJ, Ward MA, Mann DM. A prospective, population-based study of the demographics, epidemiology, management, and outcome of out-of-hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest [published correction appears in Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:358]. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:174–184. 71. Hickey RW, Cohen DM, Strausbaugh S, Dietrich AM. Pediatric patients requiring CPR in the prehospital setting. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25: 495–501. 72. Appleton GO, Cummins RO, Larson MP, Graves JR. CPR and the single rescuer: at what age should you “call first” rather than “call fast”? Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:492–494. 73. Ronco R, King W, Donley DK, Tilden SJ. Outcome and cost at a children’s hospital following resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiopul￾monary arrest. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:210–214. 74. Losek JD, Hennes H, Glaeser P, Hendley G, Nelson DB. Prehospital care of the pulseless, nonbreathing pediatric patient. Am J Emerg Med. 1987;5:370–374. 75. Mogayzel C, Quan L, Graves JR, Tiedeman D, Fahrenbruch C, Herndon P. Out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in children and adolescents: causes and outcomes. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:484–491. 76. Safranek DJ, Eisenberg MS, Larsen MP. The epidemiology of cardiac arrest in young adults. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:1102–1106. 77. Gurnett CA, Atkins DL. Successful use of a biphasic waveform automated external defibrillator in a high-risk child. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86:1051–1053. 78. Atkins D, Jorgenson D. Attenuated pediatric electrode pads for automated external defibrillator use in children. Resuscitation. 2005;66: 31–37. 79. Berg RA, Chapman FW, Berg MD, Hilwig RW, Banville I, Walker RG, Nova RC, Sherrill D, Kern KB. Attenuated adult biphasic shocks compared with weight-based monophasic shocks in a swine model of prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation. 2004;61: 189–197. 80. Tang W, Weil MH, Jorgenson D, Klouche K, Morgan C, Yu T, Sun S, Snyder D. Fixed-energy biphasic waveform defibrillation in a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Crit Care Med. 2002;30: 2736–2741. 81. Clark CB, Zhang Y, Davies LR, Karlsson G, Kerber RE. Pediatric transthoracic defibrillation: biphasic versus monophasic waveforms in an experimental model. Resuscitation. 2001;51:159–163. 82. Gutgesell HP, Tacker WA, Geddes LA, Davis S, Lie JT, McNamara DG. Energy dose for ventricular defibrillation of children. Pediatrics. 1976;58:898–901. 83. Samson RA, Berg RA, Bingham R, Biarent D, Coovadia A, Hazinski MF, Hickey RW, Nadkarni V, Nichol G, Tibballs J, Reis AG, Tse S, Zideman D, Potts J, Uzark K, Atkins D. Use of automated external defibrillators for children: an update: an advisory statement from the pediatric advanced life support task force, International Liaison Com￾mittee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2003;107:3250–3255. 84. Jorgenson D, Morgan C, Snyder D, Griesser H, Solosko T, Chan K, Skarr T. Energy attenuator for pediatric application of an automated external defibrillator. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:S145–S147. 85. Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V, Wilson P, Taylor RA, Reddy K, Backscheider AG, Dudley SC Jr. A program encouraging early defibril￾lation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:846–852. 86. Destro A, Marzaloni M, Sermasi S, Rossi F. Automatic external defi￾brillators in the hospital as well? Resuscitation. 1996;31:39–43. 87. Kaye W, Mancini M, Richards N. Organizing and implementing a hospital-wide first-responder automated external defibrillation program: strengthening the in-hospital chain of survival. Resuscitation. 1995;30: 151–156. 88. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, Larkin GL, Nadkarni V, Mancini ME, Berg RA, Nichol G, Lane-Trultt T. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003;58: 297–308. 89. Yoon RS, DeMonte TP, Hasanov KF, Jorgenson DB, Joy ML. Mea￾surement of thoracic current flow in pigs for the study of defibrillation and cardioversion. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2003;50:1167–1173. 90. Kerber RE, Grayzel J, Hoyt R, Marcus M, Kennedy J. Transthoracic resistance in human defibrillation: influence of body weight, chest size, serial shocks, paddle size and paddle contact pressure. Circulation. 1981;63:676–682. 91. Kerber RE, Kouba C, Martins J, Kelly K, Low R, Hoyt R, Ferguson D, Bailey L, Bennett P, Charbonnier F. Advance prediction of transthoracic impedance in human defibrillation and cardioversion: importance of impedance in determining the success of low-energy shocks. Circu￾lation. 1984;70:303–308. 92. Lerman BB, DiMarco JP, Haines DE. Current-based versus energy-based ventricular defibrillation: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:1259–1264. 93. Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kienzle MG, Constantin L, Olshansky B, Hopson R, Charbonnier F. Energy, current, and success in defibrillation and cardioversion: clinical studies using an automated impedance-based method of energy adjustment. Circulation. 1988;77:1038–1046. 94. Dalzell GW, Cunningham SR, Anderson J, Adgey AA. Electrode pad size, transthoracic impedance and success of external ventricular defi￾brillation. Am J Cardiol. 1989;64:741–744. 95. Stults KR, Brown DD, Cooley F, Kerber RE. Self-adhesive monitor/ defibrillation pads improve prehospital defibrillation success. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:872–877. 96. Kerber RE, Martins JB, Kelly KJ, Ferguson DW, Kouba C, Jensen SR, Newman B, Parke JD, Kieso R, Melton J. Self-adhesive preapplied electrode pads for defibrillation and cardioversion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984;3:815–820. 97. Kerber RE, Martins JB, Ferguson DW, Jensen SR, Parke JD, Kieso R, Melton J. Experimental evaluation and initial clinical application of new self-adhesive defibrillation electrodes. Int J Cardiol. 1985;8:57–66. 98. Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F. Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:405–408. 99. Levine PA, Barold SS, Fletcher RD, Talbot P. Adverse acute and chronic effects of electrical defibrillation and cardioversion on implanted unipolar cardiac pacing systems. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1983;1: 1413–1422. 100. American National Standard: Automatic External Defibrillators and Remote Controlled Defibrillators (DF39). Arlington, Va: Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation; 1993. 101. Dahl CF, Ewy GA, Warner ED, Thomas ED. Myocardial necrosis from direct current countershock: effect of paddle electrode size and time interval between discharges. Circulation. 1974;50:956–961. 102. Wilson RF, Sirna S, White CW, Kerber RE. Defibrillation of high-risk patients during coronary angiography using self-adhesive, preapplied electrode pads. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:380–382. 103. Samson RA, Atkins DL, Kerber RE. Optimal size of self-adhesive preapplied electrode pads in pediatric defibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:544–545. 104. Callaway CW, Sherman LD, Mosesso VN Jr, Dietrich TJ, Holt E, Clarkson MC. Scaling exponent predicts defibrillation success for out￾of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2001;103: 1656–1661. 105. Weaver WD, Cobb LA, Dennis D, Ray R, Hallstrom AP, Copass MK. Amplitude of ventricular fibrillation waveform and outcome after cardiac arrest. Ann Intern Med. 1985;102:53–55. Part 5: Electrical Therapies IV-45
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