International Journal of Applied Glass Science--Li, Richards, and Watson Vol.5,No.1,2014 1310 Cao Fig. 8. Composition- property space of high-modulus glasses, illustrating complex relationship of fiber Youngs modulus by the sonic method(E), fiber-forming temperature(TE), and fiber-forming window (47) over the simplified composition space(Mgo, Cao) where the changes of Sioz and Al203 were kept within a narrow range. 2 tion better than the normal distribution function(red outcome can be used as a good indicator that the new color curve). On the other hand, the normal distribu- fiber product offers good compatibility with different tion function can adequately represent the distributions resins of glass fiber elastic properties(Figs. 10a and b) Very often, the tests described above need to be At the composite level, it is important to evaluate carried out at the customer site. Positive confirmations the effects of fiber volume fraction on the composite from extensive tests from customer(s) conclude the ini properties, such as tensile fiber strength and tensile tial stage of the new product development cycle. In modulus,in different resin systems to determine the principle, the new fiber product is ready for commercial new fiber broad applications. Figure 1l compares uni- production pending business arrangements with the directional (UD)composite tensile moduli as a func- prospective customer(s) tion of fiber volume fraction between E-Glass and high-modulus INNOFIBER XM glass fiber. Once the extensive tests confirm that new high-modu- Glass Fiber Mechanical Property Characterizations lus fibers consistently provide higher UI tensile modulus over E-Glass by approximately 10% As discussed earlier, glass fiber tensile strength is ndent of resin type. For a given resin system, the influenced by many factors that can lead to significar ive modulus improvement is expected based on the variations in the final performance capability for a rule of mixtures. Summarizing all composite test given glass composition, including variation of the results, covering a broad range of resin systems, the fiber-d 48-51 rocess o minimize the effects oftion better than the normal distribution function (red color curve). On the other hand, the normal distribu￾tion function can adequately represent the distributions of glass fiber elastic properties (Figs. 10a and b). At the composite level, it is important to evaluate the effects of fiber volume fraction on the composite properties, such as tensile fiber strength and tensile modulus, in different resin systems to determine the new fiber broad applications. Figure 11 compares uni￾directional (UD) composite tensile moduli as a func￾tion of fiber volume fraction between E-Glass and high-modulus INNOFIBER XM glass fiber. Once again, the extensive tests confirm that new high-modu￾lus fibers consistently provide higher UD composite tensile modulus over E-Glass by approximately 10% independent of resin type. For a given resin system, the relative modulus improvement is expected based on the rule of mixtures. Summarizing all composite test results, covering a broad range of resin systems, the outcome can be used as a good indicator that the new fiber product offers good compatibility with different resins. Very often, the tests described above need to be carried out at the customer site. Positive confirmations from extensive tests from customer(s) conclude the ini￾tial stage of the new product development cycle. In principle, the new fiber product is ready for commercial production pending business arrangements with the prospective customer(s). Glass Fiber Mechanical Property Characterizations As discussed earlier, glass fiber tensile strength is influenced by many factors that can lead to significant variations in the final performance capability for a given glass composition, including variation of the fiber-drawing process.48–51 To minimize the effects of CaO MgO Fiber sonic modulus, E (G Pa) 4 8 12 16 20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 85 87 89 91 93 95 CaO MgO Forming temperature (o C) 4 8 12 16 20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1250 1270 1290 1310 1330 1350 CaO MgO Forming window (o C) 4 8 12 16 20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 40 60 80 100 Fig. 8. Composition — property space of high-modulus glasses, illustrating complex relationship of fiber Young’s modulus by the sonic method (E), fiber-forming temperature (TF), and fiber-forming window (DT) over the simplified composition space (MgO, CaO) where the changes of SiO2 and Al2O3 were kept within a narrow range.17,22 74 International Journal of Applied Glass Science—Li, Richards, and Watson Vol. 5, No. 1, 2014