规模经济与规模不经济 总结 Economies and diseconomies Summary of scale ◆企业的目标是追求最大利润,利润等于总收益减 平均总 去总成本 ATCin long The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. ◆当分析企业的行为时,重要的是要包括生产的所 有机会成本 When analyzing a firms behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. ●某些机会成本是显性的,但其他机会成本是隐性 to scale Some opportunity costs are explicit while other 汽解日产量 Quantity opportunity costs are implicit. 总结 总结 Summary Summar ◆企业的成本反映了它的生产过程 ◆平均总成本是总成本除以产量。 A firms costs reflect its production process. Average total cost is total cost divided by 典型企业的生产函数随投入量的增加变得愈 the quantity of output. A typical firms production function gets flatter ◆边际成本是产量增加一单位时总成本上 as the quantity of input increases, displaying the 升的数量。 property of diminishing marginal product. Marginal cost is the amount by which 成余米的户支燮分交版御废 total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. A firm's total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs don't vary with 边际成本总是随产量上升。 quantities produced; variable costs do The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output. 总结 Summary ◆平均总成本是U形的。 The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped. ◆边际成本曲线总是和平均总成本曲线相 交在ATC的最低点 The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum Ofac ◆企业的成本通常依赖于所考虑的时间范 A firms costs often depend on the time horizon being considered10 规模经济与规模不经济 Economies and Diseconomies of Scale 规模不经济 Diseconomies of scale 汽车每日产量 Quantity of Cars per Day 0 平均总成本 Average Total Cost ATC in long run 规模经济 Economies of scale 规模报酬不变 Constant Returns to scale 总结 Summary ‹ 企业的目标是追求最大利润，利润等于总收益减 去总成本。 The goal of firms is to maximize profit, which equals total revenue minus total cost. ‹ 当分析企业的行为时，重要的是要包括生产的所 有机会成本。 When analyzing a firm’s behavior, it is important to include all the opportunity costs of production. ‹ 某些机会成本是显性的，但其他机会成本是隐性 的。 Some opportunity costs are explicit while other opportunity costs are implicit. 总结 Summary ‹ 企业的成本反映了它的生产过程。 A firm’s costs reflect its production process. ‹ 一个典型企业的生产函数随投入量的增加变得愈 发平坦，表现出边际产量递减的性质。 A typical firm’s production function gets flatter as the quantity of input increases, displaying the property of diminishing marginal product. ‹ 一个企业的总成本被分解为固定和可变成本。固 定成本不随产量改变；可变成本随产量改变。 A firm’s total costs are divided between fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs don’t vary with quantities produced; variable costs do. 总结 Summary ‹平均总成本是总成本除以产量。 Average total cost is total cost divided by the quantity of output. ‹边际成本是产量增加一单位时总成本上 升的数量。 Marginal cost is the amount by which total cost would rise if output were increased by one unit. ‹边际成本总是随产量上升。 The marginal cost always rises with the quantity of output. 总结 Summary ‹平均总成本是U形的。 The average-total-cost curve is U-shaped. ‹边际成本曲线总是和平均总成本曲线相 交在ATC的最低点。 The marginal-cost curve always crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of ATC. ‹企业的成本通常依赖于所考虑的时间范 围。 A firm’s costs often depend on the time horizon being considered