1559T.ch02.18-3710/22/051:11Page18 EQA 2 Structure and Reactivity:Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules Then we proceed bases,which wo purposes:It provides uswith good exampe of h applie to reactions rates a proces tha ted to m ganic compounds,the chapter tums to aconsideration of the simplest of those classes,the nonpolar alkanes. (4)applications of kinetics and thermodynamics to changes in molecular shape.In Chapter3we cover chemi- cal reactions of alkanes. Outline of the Chapter 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics The energetic factors that govern the transformations of molecules chapters to come.Also,a first look at the notation used to describe how organic reactions take place 23feceadlCesP2amlnlkstaeeataseeiyooa 2-5 Nomenclature The first of a group of rules used to unambiguously name any organic compound 2-6 Physical Properties A topic that is usually not emphasized very much but that does reveal several useful,generalizable points about molecules. 2-7 and 2-8 Conformations A discussion of the spatial arrangements that are possible for atoms in alkanes and the energy changes associated with their interconversions. 1818 2 Structure and Reactivity: Acids and Bases, Polar and Nonpolar Molecules Organic chemistry is largely a study of chemical reactions involving organic molecules. The textbook chapter therefore begins with a review of the principles of kinetics and thermodynamics, which apply to all reactions. Then we proceed to discuss acids and bases, which serves two purposes: It provides us with good examples of thermodynamics as applied to reactions, and it illustrates a process that is actually closely related to most of the reactions of polar organic molecules. After an introduction to functional groups and the classes of or￾ganic compounds, the chapter turns to a consideration of the simplest of those classes, the nonpolar alkanes. These sections cover (1) how to name organic molecules (nomenclature), (2) the relation of the physical prop￾erties of molecules to their molecular structure, (3) flexibility and shape of molecules (conformation), and (4) applications of kinetics and thermodynamics to changes in molecular shape. In Chapter 3 we cover chemi￾cal reactions of alkanes. Outline of the Chapter 2-1 Kinetics and Thermodynamics The energetic factors that govern the transformations of molecules. 2-2 Acids and Bases; Electrophiles and Nucleophiles Reviewing chemistry that you’ve seen before, with an eye to chemistry you will see a lot of in the chapters to come. Also, a first look at the notation used to describe how organic reactions take place. 2-3 Functional Groups The “business ends” of molecules: where reactions are likely to occur. 2-4 Straight-Chain and Branched Alkanes Alkanes of various structures. Isomers. 2-5 Nomenclature The first of a group of rules used to unambiguously name any organic compound. 2-6 Physical Properties A topic that is usually not emphasized very much but that does reveal several useful, generalizable points about molecules. 2-7 and 2-8 Conformations A discussion of the spatial arrangements that are possible for atoms in alkanes and the energy changes associated with their interconversions. 1559T_ch02_18-37 10/22/05 1:11 Page 18