enables the automatic adaptation of the mobile straints. All the design elements listed in the table here interface(tailoring), and some part of such tailoring are constructed to suit the two unique characteristics associated with content. Customization reduces of m-commerce. The 7Cs associated with m-com information load by filtering unnecessary informa- merce interfaces emphasize the importance of instant tion, thus alleviating the constraints of the limited access to the desired information and an easy and sim- visual display. Moreover, m-commerce provides ple transaction process. Such changes will induce con potential for personalization, because mobile devices sumers to make more m-commerce-based purchases always carry the user's assigned identity as they can make informed decisions in a more user- Communication is defined as dialogue between friendly environment. C sites and users: broadcast, interactive, and hybrid [10. Targeted advertising through SMS or video REFERENCES mail is worth consideration. Time and weather 1. Brewster, S, Leplatre, G, and Crease, M. Using non-speech sounds in B anges are useful cues for selecting a message to be ③AM如1可mW如mB broadcast(selling sking equipment when it snows, 2. Buyukkokten, O, Kaljuvee, O, Garcia-Molina, H, Pacpcke, A, and for example). Alternatives to the limited keypad Winograd, T. Efficient Web browsing on handheld devices using page input devices are needed to promote consumer feed 1(m2221mma back,such as multiple-choice answers or multimedia 3. Jones, M, Marsden, G, Mohd-Nasir, N. Boone, K, and Buchanan, formats, such as voice and video mail transfer G. Improving Web interaction on small displays; www8. org/w8- Connection refers to the extent of formal linkages 4. Kakihara, M and Serensen, C. Mobility: An extended perspective. In between sites, consisting of outsourced content, per- 5. Kalakota, hd sth HICSS (Hawai, 200 D Rgau aN centage of home site content, and pathways of con son-Wesley, Reading, Mass, 1999. nections [10]. In mobile settings, pathways to other 6. Kim, J. Exploiting context in hci design for mo sites provide users with information needed in 7 Kristoffersen, S and Ljungberg, F. Designing int amIc settin gs. The adaptive map linked only to bile use context. In Proceedings of the international Symposium on the Web sites of nearby stores reduces the number of Ubiquitous Computing,(HUC 99), 1999 alternative pathways. A continuing concern is that &Mennecke, B. and Strader, T and Applications. lowa State 2002 consumers may still feel lost while navigating along 9. Pascoe, J. Ryan, N, and Morse, D Using while moving: HCI issues these pathways, as the limited display makes it diffi- I fieldwork environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human teracTIon7,3(2000),417-437 cult to utilize navigation aids, such as a brief site map 10 Rayport, J and Jaworski, B. Introduction to E-Commerce.McGraw- that helps users identify their locations. Accordingly, placing an icon that leads to the starting page with 11Schilit,B. Adams,N,and Want,R.Context-aware computing appli- one click of cancel button is recommended cations. In Proceedings of the IEEE W orkshop on Mob mputing Sys tems and Applications. (Santa Cruz, CA, 1995) Commerce is concerned with interfaces related to sales of goods and product services, such as a shop- ping cart and order tracking [10. A secure payment YOUNG EUN LEE(lee@ sauder. ubc. ca)is a Ph. D student in MIS method demanding minimal attention is required in at the sauder school of business, University of British the distracting mobile set By inserting a certif- IzAK BENBASAT(Benbasat@ sauder. ubc.ca)is CANADA Research cate of authentication into mobile phones, three Chair in Information Technology Management at the Sauder School parties--consumers, financial service providers, and of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. m-commerce retailers--conduct mutual authentica tion [5]. Condensing a set of processes across several This work was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of cana steps into a one-click checkout process becomes avallable by taking advantage of the known user pro- toon-其间上如小 ferred delivery option lists,requires prior specific permission and/or a f. ust on servers or to redistribute to Conclusion Our primary motivation has been a desire to reduce consumer reluctance in adopting m-commerce. We uickly realized one inhibitor is the intimidating existing m-commerce interface developee foundation of e-commerce designs. New interface design suggestions must be made that consider both a user's limited attention span and the de December 2003/Vol 46, No 12 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACMenables the automatic adaptation of the mobile interface (tailoring), and some part of such tailoring is associated with content. Customization reduces information load by filtering unnecessary informa￾tion, thus alleviating the constraints of the limited visual display. Moreover, m-commerce provides potential for personalization, because mobile devices always carry the user’s assigned identity. Communication is defined as dialogue between sites and users: broadcast, interactive, and hybrid [10]. Targeted advertising through SMS or video mail is worth consideration. Time and weather changes are useful cues for selecting a message to be broadcast (selling skiing equipment when it snows, for example). Alternatives to the limited keypad input devices are needed to promote consumer feed￾back, such as multiple-choice answers or multimedia formats, such as voice and video mail transfer. Connection refers to the extent of formal linkages between sites, consisting of outsourced content, per￾centage of home site content, and pathways of con￾nections [10]. In mobile settings, pathways to other sites provide users with information needed in dynamic settings. The adaptive map linked only to the Web sites of nearby stores reduces the number of alternative pathways. A continuing concern is that consumers may still feel lost while navigating along these pathways, as the limited display makes it diffi￾cult to utilize navigation aids, such as a brief site map that helps users identify their locations. Accordingly, placing an icon that leads to the starting page with one click of cancel button is recommended. Commerce is concerned with interfaces related to sales of goods and product services, such as a shop￾ping cart and order tracking [10]. A secure payment method demanding minimal attention is required in the distracting mobile setting. By inserting a certifi￾cate of authentication into mobile phones, three parties—consumers, financial service providers, and m-commerce retailers—conduct mutual authentica￾tion [5]. Condensing a set of processes across several steps into a one-click checkout process becomes available by taking advantage of the known user pro￾file containing a user’s name, address, and a pre￾ferred delivery option. Conclusion Our primary motivation has been a desire to reduce consumer reluctance in adopting m-commerce. We quickly realized one inhibitor is the intimidating existing m-commerce interface developed on the foundation of e-commerce designs. New interface design suggestions must be made that consider both a user’s limited attention span and the device con￾straints. All the design elements listed in the table here are constructed to suit the two unique characteristics of m-commerce. The 7Cs associated with m-com￾merce interfaces emphasize the importance of instant access to the desired information and an easy and sim￾ple transaction process. Such changes will induce con￾sumers to make more m-commerce-based purchases as they can make informed decisions in a more user￾friendly environment. References 1. Brewster, S., Leplatre, G., and Crease, M. Using non-speech sounds in mobile computing devices. In Proceedings of the First Workshop on HCI for Mobile Devices (Glasgow, U.K., 1998). 2. Buyukkokten, O., Kaljuvee, O., Garcia-Molina, H., Paepcke, A., and Winograd, T. Efficient Web browsing on handheld devices using page and form summarization. ACM Transactions on Information Systems 20, 1 (Jan. 2002), 82–115. 3. Jones, M., Marsden, G., Mohd-Nasir, N., Boone, K., and Buchanan, G. Improving Web interaction on small displays; www8.org/w8- papers/1b-multimedia/improving/improving.html. 4. Kakihara, M. and Serensen, C. Mobility: An extended perspective. In Proceedings of the 35th HICSS (Hawaii, 2002). 5. Kalakota, R. and Robinson, M. M-Business: Roadmap for Success. Addi￾son-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1999. 6. Kim, J. Exploiting context in HCI design for mobile systems. In Pro￾ceedings of CHI 2001. (Seattle, Wash., 2001). 7. Kristoffersen, S. and Ljungberg, F. Designing interaction styles for a mobile use context. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing, (HUC 99), 1999. 8. Mennecke, B. and Strader, T. Mobile Commerce: Technology, Theory and Applications. Iowa State University, 2002. 9. Pascoe, J., Ryan, N., and Morse, D. Using while moving: HCI issues in fieldwork environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7, 3 (2000), 417–437. 10. Rayport, J. and Jaworski, B. Introduction to E-Commerce. McGraw￾Hill, New York, 2001. 11. Schilit, B., Adams, N., and Want, R. Context-aware computing appli￾cations. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Sys￾tems and Applications. (Santa Cruz, CA, 1995). Young Eun Lee (lee@sauder.ubc.ca) is a Ph.D. student in MIS at the Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. Izak Benbasat (Benbasat@sauder.ubc.ca) is CANADA Research Chair in Information Technology Management at the Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC. This work was supported by a grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or class￾room use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. © 2003 ACM 0002-0782/03/1200 $5.00 c 52 December 2003/Vol. 46, No. 12 COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM