第一单元 Types of Materials材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways.Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid.liquid.or gas.They also separate them into organic (once living)and inorganic (never living) material 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材 料（曾经有生命的）和无机材料（从未有生命的）。 For industrial purposes,materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials.Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and becc 材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals,fuels,lubricants,and other materials used in the 非工程材料则是化学品料 par 、润滑剂以及其它用于加 制造过程 不成为产品组成部分的材料 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into:DMetal 2Ceramics Composite Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料④聚合材料，等等 Metals and Metal A1loys金属和金属合金 nte that ally have good electrical and thermal conductivity.Many metals have high strength,high stiffn nd ha ood ductility 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals.such as iron cobalt and nickel,are magnetic.At low temperatures,some metals and onductors 某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钻和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal?Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table.Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造亨饪 箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element.Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy.Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron,nickel,and chromium:and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁， 镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 Why are metals and alloys used?Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in a nigh mas fuelch as those base 1 某些金全paC 。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它 erties of metals? Density is defin al mass divided by its volume.Most metals have relatively high densiti cially ed to polymers 金属有哪些重要特性？ 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。 Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers,such as gold or lead.However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities,and are used in applications that require 1 第一单元 Types of Materials 材料的类型 Materials may be grouped in several ways. Scientists often classify materials by their state: solid, liquid, or gas. They also separate them into organic (once living) and inorganic (never living) materials. 材料可以按多种方法分类。科学家常根据状态将材料分为：固体、液体或气体。他们也把材料分为有机材 料(曾经有生命的)和无机材料(从未有生命的)。 For industrial purposes, materials are divided into engineering materials or nonengineering materials. Engineering materials are those used in manufacture and become parts of products. 就工业效用而言，材料被分为工程材料和非工程材料。那些用于加工制造并成为产品组成部分的就是工程 材料。 Nonengineering materials are the chemicals, fuels, lubricants, and other materials used in the manufacturing process, which do not become part of the product. 非工程材料则是化学品、燃料、润滑剂以及其它用于加工制造过程但不成为产品组成部分的材料。 Engineering materials may be further subdivided into: ①Metal ②Ceramics ③Composite ④Polymers, etc. 工程材料还能进一步细分为：①金属材料②陶瓷材料③复合材料 ④聚合材料，等等。 Metals and Metal Alloys 金属和金属合金 Metals are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Many metals have high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility. 金属就是通常具有良好导电性和导热性的元素。许多金属具有高强度、高硬度以及良好的延展性。 Some metals, such as iron, cobalt and nickel, are magnetic. At low temperatures, some metals and intermetallic compounds become superconductors. 某些金属能被磁化，例如铁、钴和镍。在极低的温度下，某些金属和金属化合物能转变成超导体。 What is the difference between an alloy and a pure metal? Pure metals are elements which come from a particular area of the periodic table. Examples of pure metals include copper in electrical wires and aluminum in cooking foil and beverage cans. 合金与纯金属的区别是什么？纯金属是在元素周期表中占据特定位置的元素。例如电线中的铜和制造烹饪 箔及饮料罐的铝。 Alloys contain more than one metallic element. Their properties can be changed by changing the elements present in the alloy. Examples of metal alloys include stainless steel which is an alloy of iron, nickel, and chromium; and gold jewelry which usually contains an alloy of gold and nickel. 合金包含不止一种金属元素。合金的性质能通过改变其中存在的元素而改变。金属合金的例子有：不锈钢是一种铁、 镍、铬的合金，以及金饰品通常含有金镍合金。 Why are metals and alloys used? Many metals and alloys have high densities and are used in applications which require a high mass-to-volume ratio. 为什么要使用金属和合金？许多金属和合金具有高密度，因此被用在需要较高质量体积比的场合。 Some metal alloys, such as those based on aluminum, have low densities and are used in aerospace applications for fuel economy. Many alloys also have high fracture toughness, which means they can withstand impact and are durable. 某些金属合金，例如铝基合金，其密度低，可用于航空航天以节约燃料。许多合金还具有高断裂韧性，这意味着它 们能经得起冲击并且是耐用的。 What are some important properties of metals? Density is defined as a material’s mass divided by its volume. Most metals have relatively high densities, especially compared to polymers. 金属有哪些重要特性？ 密度定义为材料的质量与其体积之比。大多数金属密度相对较高，尤其是和聚合物相比较而言。 Materials with high densities often contain atoms with high atomic numbers, such as gold or lead. However, some metals such as aluminum or magnesium have low densities, and are used in applications that require