Copyright 1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College This volume Printed in the United States of America is dedicated to WEN-HSIANG Index by Katherine F.Bruner 文祥 1818-1876 The Council on East Asian Studies at Harvard University publishes a monograph series and,througi the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research and the Reischawer Institule of Japanese Studies,admin isters research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China,Japan,Korea,Vietnam Inner Asia,and adjacent areas. The Manchu high official Wen-hsiang was a major figure in the Ch'ing leadership that made peace with the Anglo-French invaders of Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peking in 1860 and brought the Ch'ing Restoration into power in 1861. As the principal official under Prince Kung in the Grand Council Hart,Robert,Sir,1835-1911. Robert Hart and China's early modernization his journals, and its foreign affairs subcommittee,the Tsungli Yamen,Wen-hsiang 1863-1866/edited and with narratives by Richard J.Smith,John K. was the most influential Manchu that Robert Hart dealt with while Fairbank,Katherine F.Bruner. building up the Maritime Customs Service.He sought Hart's advice, cm.-(Harvard East Asian monographs 155) valued his reporting,and influenced Hart in turn. Includes bibliographical references and index. Together,the two worked to maintain the Anglo-Ch'ing entente ISBN0-674-77530-9 that in the 1860s included foreign support of the Manchu dynasty 1.Hart,Robert,Sir,1835-1911-Diaries.2.Customs against rebels and its acquiescence in the growth of foreign contact administration-China-Officials and employees-Diaries.3.Customs and trade. administration-China-History-Sources.4.China.Hai kuan tsung In his day Wen-hsiang was a modernizer,in ways that historians shui wu ssu shu-History.I.Smith,Richard J.(Richard Joseph), may debate.His background seems to have been rather conventional. 1944-. II.Fairbank,John King,1907-.III.Bruner, He was both a classical scholar and a military commander.One of his Katherine Frost,1907- IV.Title.V.Series. HJ7071.A3H3731991 outstanding qualifications to be an insider at Peking was his intense 354.510072'46'092-dc20 loyalty to the Ch'ing cause. B 91-10378 Wen-hsiang was born in Liaoyang,Southern Manchuria,into a CIP family of the Manchu Plain Red Banner.He passed the provincial examination at Peking in 1840 and became a metropolitan graduate (chin-shih)in 1845.Serving in various posts at the capital,he attained the third rank in 1855 and became a Grand Councillor in 1858 at age 40.He was an incorrupt and conscientious official of unusual objec- tivity and intelligence.We esteem him especially for his skill in deal- ing with Robert Hart.The balance between them is still to be determined