M.L.Mastellone Resources,Conservation Recycling:X 4(2019)100017 Table 2 Material flows and brief description. Name Short name/flow code in the Description block diagrams Plastic mixed waste PMW F1 Mixture of materials with a high predominance of plastics but with presence of metals,paper,textiles and composites Plastic feedstock PF/F2 Mixture of polymers fed to the thermolysis reactor in order to be converted into syncrude and by-products Waste residue from sorting w1/F4 Mixture of materials having a high feedstock energy that cannot be mechanically recycled or converted into syncrude Synthetic gas Syngas /F6 Mixture of carbon monoxide,hydrogen,hydrocarbons and a variable content of nitrogen Synthetic crude oil Syncrude/F18 Mixture of heavy hydrocarbons having a molecular weights range between 72 and 400 g/mol that can be fractionated in a distillation column to obtain kerosene,gasoline,jet fuel,etc. Table 3 Properties of polymers of interest. Polymer name Acronym Monomer molecular Density range Melting point Specific heat Heat of fusion Lower Heating Tensile weight g/mol kg/m3 C capacity J/g/K kJ/mol Value***MJ/kg strength**MPa Polyethylene(mix) PE 28.05 825-1000 110 1.55-1.76 7.87 24-38 10-32 (LDPE-HDPE) Polypropylene PP 42.08 850-936 176 1.63-1.76 9.92 24 36 Polyethylene PET 192.16 1355-1455 265 1.13 24.12 terephthalate Polystyrene* PS 104.15 1050-1060 264-272 1.20-1.28 5.54 41 34 References:(Mastellone,1991);(Pasztor et al.,1991);**(AA.VV.,2019;Landel and Nielsen,1993);***(Themelis et al.,2011). the mass rate and composition of given flows has been obtained. 4.Results and discussion The main streams connecting the processes included in the system boundary are reported in the Table 2,identified by a short name and 4.1.Mass and energy data evaluation of main streams briefly described. The main properties of the main polymeric materials to which the The mass flow rate and the composition of the plastic feedstock(PF) paper refers in the P-to-O process are reported in the Table 3. and of the waste constituted by the sorting residues (W_1)have been About viscosity,its value depends on the average molecular weight obtained by performing a mass balances on each material over the of the polymer,the temperature,the shear rate and the hydrostatic sorting section on the basis of the designed layout (Fig.2)and of the pressure.Semiempirical relationships for these dependencies permit performances'parameters (yield and purity)for each equipment.The estimations of melt viscosity that cannot be reported in a general table. performances'parameters set up for the equipment are reported in Table 4;they have been set on the basis of technology provider's in- formation (TOMRA,2019)and on the basis of on-site data taken at operating MRF (Zaccariello et al.,2015). The partition parameters reported in the Table 4 have been used in the material flow analysis of a sorting plant to predict the mass rate and Table 4 Performance's parameters of equipment installed in the sorting section.L:lightweight fraction;M:medium density fraction;H:heavy fraction.PS:positive flow;NF: negative flow.POL:polyolefins;Fe:ferrous metals;AL:aluminium metals. Dry Separator NIR Polyolefins (Light) NIR PET/PVC NIR Polyolefins (Medium) Ferrous metal separator aluminium separator Efficacy's parameters L→L Pol→PF PET→PF Pol→PF Fe→PF AI→PF 80% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% L→M Pol→NF PET→NF Pol→NF Fe→NF AI→NF 15% 10% 109% 10% 5% 59% L→H Other→PF Other→pF Other→pP平 Other→pF Other→PF 5% 10% 10% 109% 5% 5% M→L Other→NF Other→NF Other-NF Other→NF Other→NF 59% 90% 909% 90% 90% 90% M→M 85% M→H 109% H→L 0% H→M 10% H→H 909% 6the mass rate and composition of given flows has been obtained. The main streams connecting the processes included in the system boundary are reported in the Table 2, identified by a short name and briefly described. The main properties of the main polymeric materials to which the paper refers in the P-to-O process are reported in the Table 3. About viscosity, its value depends on the average molecular weight of the polymer, the temperature, the shear rate and the hydrostatic pressure. Semiempirical relationships for these dependencies permit estimations of melt viscosity that cannot be reported in a general table. 4. Results and discussion 4.1. Mass and energy data evaluation of main streams The mass flow rate and the composition of the plastic feedstock (PF) and of the waste constituted by the sorting residues (W_1) have been obtained by performing a mass balances on each material over the sorting section on the basis of the designed layout (Fig. 2) and of the performances’ parameters (yield and purity) for each equipment. The performances’ parameters set up for the equipment are reported in Table 4; they have been set on the basis of technology provider’s in￾formation (TOMRA, 2019) and on the basis of on-site data taken at operating MRF (Zaccariello et al., 2015). The partition parameters reported in the Table 4 have been used in the material flow analysis of a sorting plant to predict the mass rate and Table 2 Material flows and brief description. Name Short name / flow code in the block diagrams Description Plastic mixed waste PMW / F1 Mixture of materials with a high predominance of plastics but with presence of metals, paper, textiles and composites Plastic feedstock PF / F2 Mixture of polymers fed to the thermolysis reactor in order to be converted into syncrude and by-products Waste residue from sorting W_1 / F4 Mixture of materials having a high feedstock energy that cannot be mechanically recycled or converted into syncrude Synthetic gas Syngas / F6 Mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, hydrocarbons and a variable content of nitrogen Synthetic crude oil Syncrude / F18 Mixture of heavy hydrocarbons having a molecular weights range between 72 and 400 g/mol that can be fractionated in a distillation column to obtain kerosene, gasoline, jet fuel, etc. Table 3 Properties of polymers of interest. Polymer name Acronym Monomer molecular weight g/mol Density range kg/m3 Melting point °C Specific heat capacity J/g/K Heat of fusion kJ/mol Lower Heating Value*** MJ/kg Tensile strength**MPa Polyethylene (mix) PE (LDPE – HDPE) 28.05 825 - 1000 110 1.55 – 1.76 7.87 24 - 38 10 – 32 Polypropylene PP 42.08 850 - 936 176 1.63 – 1.76 9.92 44 26 Polyethylene terephthalate PET 192.16 1355 - 1455 265 1.13 24.12 24 55 Polystyrene* PS 104.15 1050 - 1060 264 - 272 1.20 – 1.28 5.54 41 34 References: (Mastellone, 1991); * (Pasztor et al., 1991); ** (AA.VV., 2019; Landel and Nielsen, 1993); ***(Themelis et al., 2011). Table 4 Performance’s parameters of equipment installed in the sorting section. L: lightweight fraction; M: medium density fraction; H: heavy fraction. PS: positive flow; NF: negative flow. POL: polyolefins; Fe: ferrous metals; AL: aluminium metals. Dry Separator NIR Polyolefins (Light) NIR PET/PVC NIR Polyolefins (Medium) Ferrous metal separator aluminium separator Efficacy’s parameters L → L Pol → PF PET → PF Pol → PF Fe → PF Al → PF 80% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% L → M Pol → NF PET → NF Pol → NF Fe → NF Al → NF 15% 10% 10% 10% 5% 5% L → H Other → PF Other → PF Other → PF Other → PF Other → PF 5% 10% 10% 10% 5% 5% M → L Other → NF Other → NF Other → NF Other → NF Other → NF 5% 90% 90% 90% 90% 90% M → M 85% M → H 10% H → L 0% H → M 10% H → H 90% M.L. Mastellone Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X 4 (2019) 100017 6