ot t he container (see taints a nmis ed plastic is the term used for the mixture of the ndto ide l types of plastic found in mS w Special Wastes. Special wastes from residential and commercial sources include bulky items. consumer electronics, white goods, vard wastes that are collected separately. batteries, ol, and tre nd industrial items such as furniture. lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items. Consumer electronics includes worn-out, broken, and other no-longerwanted items such as radios, stereos, and television sets. white goods are large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves dryers. Collected separately, white goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials(e. g, copper, aluminum, etc. The principal sources of batteries are from households and automobile and other vehicle servicing facilities. Household batteries come in a variety of tvpes, including alkaline, mercurv. silver zinc. nickel and cadmium. The metals found in household batteries can cause groundwater contamination by their presence in leachate, they can also contaminate air emissions and ash from waste combustion facilities. Many states now prohibit the landfilling of household batteries. Automobiles use lead-acid each of which contains approximately 18 pounds of lead and a gallon of sulfuric acid, both hazardous materials the: principal source of used oil is from the servicing of automobiles and other moving vehicles by owners. Waste oil, not collected for recycling, is often poured onto the ground, down sanitary, combined, and storm water sewers, or into trash containers. Waste oil discharged onto the ground or into municipal sewers often contaminates surface water and groundwater as well as the soil. Waste oil placed in the same container as other solid waste components tends to contaminate the waste components and thus reduces their value as recycled materials Somewhere between 230 and 240 million rubber tires are disposed of annually in landfills or in tire stockpiles. Because tires do not compact well, their disposal in landfills is expensive and wasteful of space. Stockpiling of tires also poses serious aesthetic as well as environmental problems. Large difficult-to-extinguish fires have occurred in a number of stockpiles. In addition, stockpiled tires form an ideal breeding place for mosquitos Hazardous Wastes. Wastes or combinations of wastes that pose a substantial present hazard to human health or living organisms have been defined as hazardous wastes. the U.S. epa has defined RCRa hazardous wastes in three general categories: (1)listed wastes, (2)characteristic hazardous wastes, and (3)other hazardous wastes Institutional Institutional sources of solid waste include government centers, schools, prisons, and hospitals Excluding manufacturing wastes from prisons and medical wastes from hospitals, the solid wastes generated at these facilities are quite similar commingled Msw. In most hospitals medical wastes are handled and process separately from other solid wastes Construction and demolition Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings, and other structures are classified as construction wastes. The quantities produced are difficult to estimate. The composition is variable but may include dirt: stones; concrete: bricks; plaster: streets, sidewalks, bridges, and other structures are classified as demolition wastes. The composition of demolition wastes is similar to construction wastes, but may include broken glass, plastics, and einforcing steel. Municipal Services Other community wastes, resulting from the operation and maintenance of municipal facilities and the provision of other municipal services, include street sweepings, road side litter. wastes from municipal litter containers, landscape and tree trimmings, catch-basin debris. dead animals, and abandoned vehicles. Because it is impossible to predict where dead animals and abandoned automobiles will be found, these wastes are often identified as originating from nonspecific diffuse sources. Wastes from nonspecific diffuse sources can be contrasted to that of the residential sources, which are also diffuse but specific in that the generation of the wastes is a recurring event Treatment Plant Wastes and other residues The solid and semisolid wastes from water. wastewater. and industrial waste treatment facilities termed treatment plant wastes. The specific characteristics of these materials vary, depending on13-2 The type of plastic container can be identified by number code (1 through 7) molded into the bottom of the container (see Fig. 13-1). Mixed plastic is the term used for the mixture of the individual types of plastic found in MSW. Special Wastes. Special wastes from residential and commercial sources include bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes that are collected separately, batteries, oil, and tires. These wastes are usually handled separately from other residential and commercial wastes. Bulky items are large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial items such as furniture, lamps, bookcases, filing cabinets, and other similar items. Consumer electronics includes worn-out, broken, and other no-longerwanted items such as radios, stereos, and television sets. White goods are large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers. Collected separately, white goods are usually dismantled for the recovery of specific materials (e.g., copper, aluminum, etc.). The principal sources of batteries are from households and automobile and other vehicle servicing facilities. Household batteries come in a variety of types, including alkaline, mercury, silver, zinc, nickel, and cadmium. The metals found in household batteries can cause groundwater contamination by their presence in leachate; they can also contaminate air emissions and ash from waste combustion facilities. Many states now prohibit the landfilling of household batteries. Automobiles use lead-acid batteries, each of which contains approximately 18 pounds of lead and a gallon of sulfuric acid, both hazardous materials. The principal source of used oil is from the servicing of automobiles and other moving vehicles by their owners. Waste oil, not collected for recycling, is often poured onto the ground; down sanitary, combined, and storm water sewers; or into trash containers. Waste oil discharged onto the ground or into municipal sewers often contaminates surface water and groundwater as well as the soil. Waste oil placed in the same container as other solid waste components tends to contaminate the waste components and thus reduces their value as recycled materials. Somewhere between 230 and 240 million rubber tires are disposed of annually in landfills or in tire stockpiles. Because tires do not compact well, their disposal in landfills is expensive and wasteful of space. Stockpiling of tires also poses serious aesthetic as well as environmental problems. Large, difficult-to-extinguish fires have occurred in a number of stockpiles. In addition, stockpiled tires form an ideal breeding place for mosquitos. Hazardous Wastes. Wastes or combinations of wastes that pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or living organisms have been defined as hazardous wastes. The U.S. EPA has defined RCRA hazardous wastes in three general categories: (1) listed wastes, (2) characteristic hazardous wastes, and (3) other hazardous wastes. Institutional Institutional sources of solid waste include government centers, schools, prisons, and hospitals. Excluding manufacturing wastes from prisons and medical wastes from hospitals, the solid wastes generated at these facilities are quite similar commingled MSW. In most hospitals medical wastes are handled and process separately from other solid wastes. Construction and Demolition Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings, and other structures are classified as construction wastes. The quantities produced are difficult to estimate. The composition is variable but may include dirt; stones; concrete; bricks; plaster; lumber; shingles; and plumbing, heating, and electrical parts. Wastes from razed buildings, broken-out streets, sidewalks, bridges, and other structures are classified as demolition wastes. The composition of demolition wastes is similar to construction wastes, but may include broken glass, plastics, and reinforcing steel. Municipal Services Other community wastes, resulting from the operation and maintenance of municipal facilities and the provision of other municipal services, include street sweepings, road side litter, wastes from municipal litter containers, landscape and tree trimmings, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned vehicles. Because it is impossible to predict where dead animals and abandoned automobiles will be found, these wastes are often identified as originating from nonspecific diffuse sources. Wastes from nonspecific diffuse sources can be contrasted to that of the residential sources, which are also diffuse but specific in that the generation of the wastes is a recurring event. Treatment Plant Wastes and Other Residues The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste treatment facilities are termed treatment plant wastes. The specific characteristics of these materials vary, depending on the