C.The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is about 25 mmHg D.The glomerular oncotic pressure is due to plasma protein concentration. E.Filtration process requires ATPase 28.Renin Angiotensin System(RAS) A.Renin is secreted by the macula densa of the juxta-glomerular apparatus. B.In negative sodium balance,plasma renin level will be high. C.Increased renal perfusion pressure will stimulate renin secretion D.Angiotensin II is produced by the adrenal cortex E.Angiotensin II is a dipsogenic and a vasodilator. 29.Renal Autoregulation A.This mechanism maintains renal perfusion pressure. B.This mechanism requires renal sympathetic nerve activity. C.This mechanism needs circulating angiotensin II. D.This mechanism controls both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. E.This mechanism increases the secretion of renin 30.Kidney Functions A.In kidney failure,the pH of blood will increase. B.The kidneys secrete less erythropoietin during hypoxia C.Osmoreceptors involved in water balance are found in the kidneys. D.Sodium sensors involved in sodium balance are located in the kidneys E.Both receptors for aldosterone and vasopressin are located at the collecting ducts. Scores.Define the concepts(5 marks each,30 marks in total) 1.Effective refractory period 2.Cardiac output -6of7-‐ 6 of 7 ‐ C. The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is about 25 mmHg. D. The glomerular oncotic pressure is due to plasma protein concentration. E. Filtration process requires ATPase. 28. Renin Angiotensin System (RAS) A. Renin is secreted by the macula densa of the juxta-glomerular apparatus. B. In negative sodium balance, plasma renin level will be high. C. Increased renal perfusion pressure will stimulate renin secretion D. Angiotensin II is produced by the adrenal cortex. E. Angiotensin II is a dipsogenic and a vasodilator. 29. Renal Autoregulation A. This mechanism maintains renal perfusion pressure. B. This mechanism requires renal sympathetic nerve activity. C. This mechanism needs circulating angiotensin II. D. This mechanism controls both renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. E. This mechanism increases the secretion of renin. 30. Kidney Functions A. In kidney failure, the pH of blood will increase. B. The kidneys secrete less erythropoietin during hypoxia. C. Osmoreceptors involved in water balance are found in the kidneys. D. Sodium sensors involved in sodium balance are located in the kidneys. E. Both receptors for aldosterone and vasopressin are located at the collecting ducts. Scores Signature I I. Define the concepts (5 marks each, 30 marks in total) 1. Effective refractory period 2. Cardiac output