reward them. Providing bonuses to physicians and nurses is one way to accelerate Increases in capacity Impose mandates. If efforts to build awareness or to offer incentives have failed-or when the costs of external factors are not fully borne by their creators (such as restaurants that permit customers to smoke, thus exposing other customers to the fumes)-the more direct approach of mandates may b necessary to reinforce desirable behavior or prohibit bad practice By rooting the necessary analysis in a comprehensive framework, policy makers will find that local differences in health care systems need not preclude a structured, systematic approach to reform based on enduring, universal principles About the Authors Diana Farrel is director of the McKinsey Global Institute, Nicolaus Henke is a director in McKinsey's London office, and Paul Mango is a director in the Pittsburgh off Back to top Notes The Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Emergency rooms in the United States are the equivalent of accident and emergency facilities in the United Kingdom. Co-payments, or co-pays, require the covered person to pay part of the cost of a treatment Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Recommend (3)reward them. Providing bonuses to physicians and nurses is one way to accelerate increases in capacity. Impose mandates. If efforts to build awareness or to offer incentives have failed—or when the costs of external factors are not fully borne by their creators (such as restaurants that permit customers to smoke, thus exposing other customers to the fumes)—the more direct approach of mandates may be necessary to reinforce desirable behavior or prohibit bad practice. By rooting the necessary analysis in a comprehensive framework, policy makers will find that local differences in health care systems need not preclude a structured, systematic approach to reform based on enduring, universal principles. About the Authors Diana Farrell is director of the McKinsey Global Institute, Nicolaus Henke is a director in McKinsey’s London office, and Paul Mango is a director in the Pittsburgh office. Back to top Notes 1 The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. 2 Emergency rooms in the United States are the equivalent of accident and emergency facilities in the United Kingdom. 3 Co-payments, or co-pays, require the covered person to pay part of the cost of a treatment. 4 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Recommend (3)