Modern oceanographic exploration (1873-1914) Tracks of3 James Cook's HM Bark Endeayou (168-71 expeditions HM8 Resolution (1772 HMS)Discovery(1776-79) Early Sci.Explorations Challenge expedition Gazelle expedition Fram expedition H.M.S:Challenger (1872-1876) Observations (water column) Meteorology(气象学) Physics Chemistry Biology GeologyModern oceanographic exploration (1873-1914) Early Sci. Explorations • Challenge expedition • Gazelle expedition • Fram expedition Observations (water column)  Meteorology（气象学）  Physics  Chemistry  Biology  Geology Tracks of 3 James Cook’s expeditions HM Bark Endeavou (1768–71) HMS Resolution r (1772– HMS Discovery 75) (1776–79) H.M.S. Challenger (1872-1876)