TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I The dna code in the cell nucleus is Transferred to an rna code in the Introduction to Physiology: The Cell Cytoplasm-The Process Cell and General Physiology of Transcription Synthesis of RNA Assembly of the RNa Chain from Activated CHAPTER 1 nucleotides Using the DNA Strand as a Template-The Process of Functional Organization of the “ Transcription Human Body and Control of the Messenger RNA-The Codons “ Internal environment Transfer RNA-The Anticodons Ribosomal rna Cells as the Living Units of the body Formation of proteins on the ribosomes Extracellular fluid-The " internal The Process of Translation" 3 Synthesis of Other Substances in the "Homeostatic"Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems Control of gene function and Homeostasis Biochemical Activity in Cells Extracellular Fluid Transport and Mixing Genetic Reg System-The Blood Circulatory System Control of Intracellular Function by Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid Removal of metabolic end products Regulation of Body Functions 5 Cell Reproduction Reproduction 6 Cell Reproduction Begins witl Control Systems of the Body 6 of dna Examples of Control Mechanisms Chromosomes and Their Replicatic Characteristics of Control Systems Control of cell growth and cel CHAPTER 2 Apoptosis-Programmed Cell Death 40 The Cell and Its Functions Cancer Organization of the Cell hysical Structure of the cell membranous structures of the cell Cytoplasm and Its Organelles Nucleus Nuclear Membrane Membrane Physiology, Nerve, Nucleoli and formation of ribosomes 18 and Muscle Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of life Functional Systems of the Cell 19 CHAPTER 4 Ingestion by the cell-Endocytosis Digestion of Pinocytotic and Phagocytic Transport of Substances Through Foreign Substances Inside the cell- the Cell membrane Function of the Lysosomes The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, Synthesis and Formation of cellular and Cell Membrane Transport Structures by Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus Diffusion Extraction of Energy from Nutrients- Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane Function of the mitochondria Diffusion Through Protein Channels, and Locomotion of cells Gating"of These Channels Ameboid Movement Facilitated Diffusion Cilia and Ciliary Movement Factors That Affect Net Rate of diffusion Osmosis Across selectively Permeable embranes-" Net Diffusion" of Water CHAPTER 3 Active Transport"of Substances Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction 27 Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport-Co-Transport Genes in the cell nucleus and Counter-Transport Genetic Code Active Transport Through Cellular SheetsTABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT I Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology CHAPTER 1 Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” 3 Cells as the Living Units of the Body 3 Extracellular Fluid—The “Internal Environment” 3 “Homeostatic” Mechanisms of the Major Functional Systems 4 Homeostasis 4 Extracellular Fluid Transport and Mixing System—The Blood Circulatory System 4 Origin of Nutrients in the Extracellular Fluid 5 Removal of Metabolic End Products 5 Regulation of Body Functions 5 Reproduction 6 Control Systems of the Body 6 Examples of Control Mechanisms 6 Characteristics of Control Systems 7 Summary—Automaticity of the Body 9 CHAPTER 2 The Cell and Its Functions 11 Organization of the Cell 11 Physical Structure of the Cell 12 Membranous Structures of the Cell 12 Cytoplasm and Its Organelles 14 Nucleus 17 Nuclear Membrane 17 Nucleoli and Formation of Ribosomes 18 Comparison of the Animal Cell with Precellular Forms of Life 18 Functional Systems of the Cell 19 Ingestion by the Cell—Endocytosis 19 Digestion of Pinocytotic and Phagocytic Foreign Substances Inside the Cell— Function of the Lysosomes 20 Synthesis and Formation of Cellular Structures by Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus 20 Extraction of Energy from Nutrients— Function of the Mitochondria 22 Locomotion of Cells 24 Ameboid Movement 24 Cilia and Ciliary Movement 24 CHAPTER 3 Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction 27 Genes in the Cell Nucleus 27 Genetic Code 29 xiii The DNA Code in the Cell Nucleus Is Transferred to an RNA Code in the Cell Cytoplasm—The Process of Transcription 30 Synthesis of RNA 30 Assembly of the RNA Chain from Activated Nucleotides Using the DNA Strand as a Template—The Process of “Transcription” 31 Messenger RNA—The Codons 31 Transfer RNA—The Anticodons 32 Ribosomal RNA 33 Formation of Proteins on the Ribosomes— The Process of “Translation” 33 Synthesis of Other Substances in the Cell 35 Control of Gene Function and Biochemical Activity in Cells 35 Genetic Regulation 35 Control of Intracellular Function by Enzyme Regulation 36 The DNA-Genetic System Also Controls Cell Reproduction 37 Cell Reproduction Begins with Replication of DNA 37 Chromosomes and Their Replication 38 Cell Mitosis 38 Control of Cell Growth and Cell Reproduction 39 Cell Differentiation 40 Apoptosis—Programmed Cell Death 40 Cancer 40 UNIT II Membrane Physiology, Nerve, and Muscle CHAPTER 4 Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane 45 The Lipid Barrier of the Cell Membrane, and Cell Membrane Transport Proteins 45 Diffusion 46 Diffusion Through the Cell Membrane 46 Diffusion Through Protein Channels, and “Gating” of These Channels 47 Facilitated Diffusion 49 Factors That Affect Net Rate of Diffusion 50 Osmosis Across Selectively Permeable Membranes—“Net Diffusion” of Water 51 “Active Transport” of Substances Through Membranes 52 Primary Active Transport 53 Secondary Active Transport—Co-Transport and Counter-Transport 54 Active Transport Through Cellular Sheets 55