ZHU AND PEARSON:GLOBALIZATION definition of Li Jingzhi and Li Xinwei (1998:33)is typical:'since the mid- 1990s,the wave of globalization has been sweeping the whole globe,and its contents have expanded from the aspects of trade and finance to po- litical,cultural,legal and each aspect of social life.Similar to mainstream analysis in the West,most Chinese scholars regard economic integration as the main cause of globalization.Yu Keping(2004a:4),for example,notes that 'globalization is an integrated process of social and historical trans- formation,and its basic characteristic is a kind of inherent,inseparable and increasingly strong mutual connection across the globe,based on eco- nomic integration'.Indeed,the great majority of studies of the sources of globalization remain quite undifferentiated.While a few Chinese studies explain the source and rise of globalization along Marxist lines of capitalist development,arguing that the forces of capitalism require wealthy states Krenuef to push for an ever-enlarging world market(Li,2004:34;Liu,2000;Wang, 2000;Xu Lan,2007),one is hard pressed to find an author who pursues the line of the argument much further along the Marxist track.Instead of examining how transnational capitalist classes generated uneven capitalist development worldwide,most of the authors,including those working in the Marxist tradition,point to the Western states,in particular the US,and not the international capitalist class,as the main drivers and beneficiaries of globalization.Comments from Yu Zhengliang (2002:25)are illustrative of this realist-leaning analysis: The problem of today's globalization is that it is not a pure process, rather it is combined with American hegemony.American hege- uoloe!f leyueyS] mony does not simply infringe on the effectiveness of other coun- try's sovereignty in a general sense,but in particular that America fully enjoys the privileges brought on by globalization and Amer- ica's dominant position in the process of globalization,and therefore extends its hegemony effectively into the domain of other country's sovereignty.... Fourth,akin to the strong realist strands found in the dominant IR schol- papeojuMo arship in China(as pointed out in the contribution by Wang Yong and Lou Pauly in this special volume),almost all of the literature reviewed argues that the state still has an important role to play in managing both the chal- lenges and opportunities globalization presents to China (e.g.,Cai and Tang,2001;Yang,2001;He,2003;Fu,2004).Both challenges and oppor- tunities have resulted from the rapid integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy.In this process,the state is regarded as a key agent-indeed,perhaps the key agent-to help create wealth through inte- gration into world markets and to avoid problems caused by integration. Moreover,while some state functions may weaken and even be dropped, other demands arise.The state must undertake ever more complex tasks, for even as the role of non-state organizations may enter into the mix,some 1219ZHU AND PEARSON: GLOBALIZATION definition of Li Jingzhi and Li Xinwei (1998: 33) is typical: ‘since the mid- 1990s, the wave of globalization has been sweeping the whole globe, and its contents have expanded from the aspects of trade and finance to po￾litical, cultural, legal and each aspect of social life’. Similar to mainstream analysis in the West, most Chinese scholars regard economic integration as the main cause of globalization. Yu Keping (2004a: 4), for example, notes that ‘globalization is an integrated process of social and historical trans￾formation, and its basic characteristic is a kind of inherent, inseparable and increasingly strong mutual connection across the globe, based on eco￾nomic integration’. Indeed, the great majority of studies of the sources of globalization remain quite undifferentiated. While a few Chinese studies explain the source and rise of globalization along Marxist lines of capitalist development, arguing that the forces of capitalism require wealthy states to push for an ever-enlarging world market (Li, 2004: 34; Liu, 2000; Wang, 2000; Xu Lan, 2007), one is hard pressed to find an author who pursues the line of the argument much further along the Marxist track. Instead of examining how transnational capitalist classes generated uneven capitalist development worldwide, most of the authors, including those working in the Marxist tradition, point to the Western states, in particular the US, and not the international capitalist class, as the main drivers and beneficiaries of globalization. Comments from Yu Zhengliang (2002: 25) are illustrative of this realist-leaning analysis: The problem of today’s globalization is that it is not a pure process, rather it is combined with American hegemony. American hege￾mony does not simply infringe on the effectiveness of other coun￾try’s sovereignty in a general sense, but in particular that America fully enjoys the privileges brought on by globalization and Amer￾ica’s dominant position in the process of globalization, and therefore extends its hegemony effectively into the domain of other country’s sovereignty . . . . Fourth, akin to the strong realist strands found in the dominant IR schol￾arship in China (as pointed out in the contribution by Wang Yong and Lou Pauly in this special volume), almost all of the literature reviewed argues that the state still has an important role to play in managing both the chal￾lenges and opportunities globalization presents to China (e.g., Cai and Tang, 2001; Yang, 2001; He, 2003; Fu, 2004). Both challenges and oppor￾tunities have resulted from the rapid integration of the Chinese economy into the world economy. In this process, the state is regarded as a key agent – indeed, perhaps the key agent – to help create wealth through inte￾gration into world markets and to avoid problems caused by integration. Moreover, while some state functions may weaken and even be dropped, other demands arise. The state must undertake ever more complex tasks, for even as the role of non-state organizations may enter into the mix, some 1219 Downloaded by [Shanghai Jiaotong University] at 04:55 07 January 2015