included from the following trials: Mel-lpi-Rx(NCTO1557114), and 2 Phase II trials at NYU combining ipilimumab with radiotherapy in either MM (NCTo1689974)or NSCLC (NCTO2221739). For memory T cell responses, blood samples were drawn from patients before and after 3 or 4 cycles of ipilimumab. High-throughput sequencing analyses (MiSeq Technology) of 16s rRNA gene amplicons in patients' feces pre-and post-injections of ilimumab (vo, VI, V2, V3)were performed according to n SC12-018; ID RCB: 2012 A01496-37 pilot study endpoints by gatC Biotech AG(Konstanz, Germany) Clinical studies GOLD: Prospective immunomonitoring study of patients with MM receiving four injections of ipilimumab every three weeks. Feces were collected before each ipilimumab injection. Feces samples were frozen at-80oC and sent for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis at GATC Biotech AG(Konstanz, Germany) MEL-IPI-RX: Phase I trial that combines ipilimumab and radiation therapy to assess the synergy between the two modalities. Dose escalation radiotherapy was administered with ipilimumab on week 1, 4, 7 and 10 weeks at 10mg/kg. Subsequently, a maintenance dose of ipilimumab was given every 12 weeks as long as the patient had a positive clinical response. Study code NCT01557114 MELANOMA ABSCOPAL TRIAL: Phase II randomized trial of ipilimumab versus ipilimumab plus radiotherapy in MM. Eligible patients had MM with at least 2 measurable sites of disease All patients were randomly assigned to receive ipilimumab 3mg/kg i.v. versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg i v. plus fractionated radiotherapy to one of their measurable lesions. For patients assigned to the ipilimumab plus radiotherapy arm, ipilimumab treatment started after radiotherapy with a dose given on day 4 from the first radiotherapy fraction and repeated on days 25, 46, and 67 Response to treatment was evaluated at week 12 to assess clinical and radiographic responses in the non-irradiated measurable metastatic sites. Study code: NCTO1689974 IG CANCI BSCOPAL TRIAL: Phase II study of combined ipilimumab and radiotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC). Eligible patients had chemo-refractory metastatic NSCLC with at least 2 measurable sites of disease. Patients received ipilimumab 3mg/kg i.v., within 24 hrs of starting fractionated radiotherapy. Ipilimumab3 included from the following trials: Mel-Ipi-Rx (NCT01557114), and 2 Phase II trials at NYU combining ipilimumab with radiotherapy in either MM (NCT01689974) or NSCLC (NCT02221739). For memory T cell responses, blood samples were drawn from patients before and after 3 or 4 cycles of ipilimumab. High-throughput sequencing analyses (MiSeq Technology) of 16S rRNA gene amplicons in patients’ feces pre-and post-injections of ipilimumab (V0, V1, V2, V3) were performed according to n° SC12-018; ID RCB: 2012- A01496-37 pilot study endpoints by GATC Biotech AG (Konstanz, Germany). Clinical studies. GOLD: Prospective immunomonitoring study of patients with MM receiving four injections of ipilimumab every three weeks. Feces were collected before each ipilimumab injection. Feces samples were frozen at -80°C and sent for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis at GATC Biotech AG (Konstanz, Germany). MEL-IPI-RX: Phase I trial that combines ipilimumab and radiation therapy to assess the synergy between the two modalities. Dose escalation radiotherapy was administered with ipilimumab on week 1, 4, 7 and 10 weeks at 10mg/kg. Subsequently, a maintenance dose of ipilimumab was given every 12 weeks as long as the patient had a positive clinical response. Study code: NCT01557114. MELANOMA ABSCOPAL TRIAL: Phase II randomized trial of ipilimumab versus ipilimumab plus radiotherapy in MM. Eligible patients had MM with at least 2 measurable sites of disease. All patients were randomly assigned to receive ipilimumab 3mg/kg i.v. versus ipilimumab 3 mg/kg i.v. plus fractionated radiotherapy to one of their measurable lesions. For patients assigned to the ipilimumab plus radiotherapy arm, ipilimumab treatment started after radiotherapy with a dose given on day 4 from the first radiotherapy fraction and repeated on days 25, 46, and 67. Response to treatment was evaluated at week 12 to assess clinical and radiographic responses in the non-irradiated measurable metastatic sites. Study code: NCT01689974. NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER ABSCOPAL TRIAL: Phase II study of combined ipilimumab and radiotherapy in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Eligible patients had chemo-refractory metastatic NSCLC with at least 2 measurable sites of disease. Patients received ipilimumab 3mg/kg i.v., within 24 hrs of starting fractionated radiotherapy. Ipilimumab