143 TABLE II Lectures on frontiers of the discipline and unique feature course of biotechnology degree programs at Shanghai Jiao Tong University(14 Crs.) Course type Course name Course code Crs. Hours Hours/week Term Required course(8 Crs.) Biology on Development F0813312 2 36 2 > Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering F0813322 2 36 2 7 Bioinformatics F0813332 36 2 Genetics Lab. F0815342 2 36 6 Elective course (6 Crs.) Enzymatic Engineering F0832036 1.5 27 1.5 Cellular Engineering F081Z406 1.5 27 1.5 Biochemical Separation Engineering F081Z462 2 36 2 67 Ecological Engineering F081Z472 2 36 2 Life Science Documents Retrieval F081Z412 2 12 2 1 Frontier Lectures in Life Science F081Z422 36 2 Practice training Military Training F5536304 4 2 weeks 2 weeks Industrial Practice F4105303 54 54 23 Acquaintanceship Practice F0835986 1.5 1 weeks 1 week 4 Internship F0835979 4.5 3 weeks 3 weeks 6 Undergraduate Project (Thesis) F0835995 24 24 weeks 8 weeks 16 weeks 8 ment of credit hours is as follows:151+[12],151 credit according to the training project of the biotechnology de- hours of lessons and 12 credit hours after school.The gree program at Fudan University (for biomedicine),grad- course structure of the biotechnology degree programs uating students are required to accomplish 150 credits. includes four course modules:(i)Common Learning,65+ which includes a general Course for 44 Crs.,a basic art 6 credits;(ii)Humanities,Social Studies and Economic and science course for 28 Crs..a specialized core course Management,21 +6 credits;(iii)specialized core course, for 78 Crs.containing industrial practice for 4 Crs.,and an 51 credits,distributed as seen in Table I;(iv)Lectures on undergraduate project or thesis for 6 Crs.Table Ill shows Frontiers of the Discipline and Unique Features,14 credits. the particular arrangement of specialized core courses and distributed as shown in Table ll [13]. elective courses of the biotechnology degree program at In comprehensive universities,basic courses such as Fudan University [14]. Physics,Mathematics,Organic Chemistry,Inorganic In addition to experimental laboratory courses in the Chemistry,and Analytical Chemistry account for the bulk teaching plan,many universities arrange multiple activities of required courses.Furthermore,the proportion of com- to assure the development of experimental skills,such as puter and English courses is increased.According to their Curriculum Design,Production Practice,and Graduation own situations,different institutes choose one or two parts Paper Design (Tables ll and Ill).Furthermore,colleges or of four divisions of biotechnology as their required universities also offer a specialty course,namely Scientific courses,and the other parts are regarded as elective Research Practice,to excellent students who can directly courses (Table Ill).Elective courses designed to enrich the participate in specific scientific research projects and work students'education include categories such as Pharma- under the individual instruction of professors and senior ceutical Molecular Design and Pharmaceutical Molecular tutors,which creates the best conditions for the improve- Biology,related to medicine;Plant Tissue Culture,Plant ment and development of the skills. Molecular Biology,Plant Physiology,and Preservation and Processing Technology of Fruits and Vegetables,related BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GRADUATE EDUCATION to agriculture and biology;Ecology,Environment and Ec- Although it started in the 1930s in some Chinese univer- ological Engineering,Environment and Hygiene,and Mi- sities,the graduate education of life science began,in a crobiology,related to the environment.The main curricu- large scale,with the foundation of the master degree sys- lum in comprehensive universities requires that on the one tem in 1954 in new China (after 1949).Before 1981,there hand,the required courses lay a solid foundation for var- was only master degree education in China.Since then, ious development and requirements,and that on the other China began to offer the doctoral degree [15,16].The first hand,the extensive elective courses build an individual's batch of students (18 students)received their doctoral specialty.Thus,the undergraduates in these universities degrees in 1983 in China.By the end of the year 2003 will be tailored to possess firm academic knowledge, 91,000 students had earned doctoral degrees [17].How- skills,and broad adaptability.Generally,bioengineering ever,before 1997,graduate students studying biotechnol- degree programs are established in colleges or universities ogy were awarded degrees in life sciences because before strong in technology and applied research;graduating stu- that time,there was no graduate major called Biotechnol- dents receive the degree of Bachelor of Engineering.The ogy.At the end of the 20th century,many colleges and basic courses in the curriculum are similar to those in the universities founded biotechnology degree programs,but biotechnology degree programs with the differences found there were many differences in program names,purposes, in specialized courses in engineering such as Engineering and curricula because of their different features and char- Cartography,The Principle of Chemical Engineering,Bio- acteristics,locations,and financial situations.For in- reactor Engineering Principles,Biochemical Separation stance,the appellations include the programs of Biotech- Engineering,Biochemical Equipment,and Test and Con- nology,Food Biotechnology,Plant Biotechnology,Marine trol of Biochemical Engineering Parameters.For example, Biotechnology,and Biotechnological Pharmaceutics andment of credit hours is as follows: 151
[12], 151 credit hours of lessons and 12 credit hours after school. The course structure of the biotechnology degree programs includes four course modules: (i) Common Learning, 65
6 credits; (ii) Humanities, Social Studies and Economic Management, 21
6 credits; (iii) specialized core course, 51 credits, distributed as seen in Table I; (iv) Lectures on Frontiers of the Discipline and Unique Features, 14 credits, distributed as shown in Table II [13]. In comprehensive universities, basic courses such as Physics, Mathematics, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, and Analytical Chemistry account for the bulk of required courses. Furthermore, the proportion of com￾puter and English courses is increased. According to their own situations, different institutes choose one or two parts of four divisions of biotechnology as their required courses, and the other parts are regarded as elective courses (Table III). Elective courses designed to enrich the students’ education include categories such as Pharma￾ceutical Molecular Design and Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, related to medicine; Plant Tissue Culture, Plant Molecular Biology, Plant Physiology, and Preservation and Processing Technology of Fruits and Vegetables, related to agriculture and biology; Ecology, Environment and Ec￾ological Engineering, Environment and Hygiene, and Mi￾crobiology, related to the environment. The main curricu￾lum in comprehensive universities requires that on the one hand, the required courses lay a solid foundation for var￾ious development and requirements, and that on the other hand, the extensive elective courses build an individual’s specialty. Thus, the undergraduates in these universities will be tailored to possess firm academic knowledge, skills, and broad adaptability. Generally, bioengineering degree programs are established in colleges or universities strong in technology and applied research; graduating stu￾dents receive the degree of Bachelor of Engineering. The basic courses in the curriculum are similar to those in the biotechnology degree programs with the differences found in specialized courses in engineering such as Engineering Cartography, The Principle of Chemical Engineering, Bio￾reactor Engineering Principles, Biochemical Separation Engineering, Biochemical Equipment, and Test and Con￾trol of Biochemical Engineering Parameters. For example, according to the training project of the biotechnology de￾gree program at Fudan University (for biomedicine), grad￾uating students are required to accomplish 150 credits, which includes a general Course for 44 Crs., a basic art and science course for 28 Crs., a specialized core course for 78 Crs. containing industrial practice for 4 Crs., and an undergraduate project or thesis for 6 Crs. Table III shows the particular arrangement of specialized core courses and elective courses of the biotechnology degree program at Fudan University [14]. In addition to experimental laboratory courses in the teaching plan, many universities arrange multiple activities to assure the development of experimental skills, such as Curriculum Design, Production Practice, and Graduation Paper Design (Tables II and III). Furthermore, colleges or universities also offer a specialty course, namely Scientific Research Practice, to excellent students who can directly participate in specific scientific research projects and work under the individual instruction of professors and senior tutors, which creates the best conditions for the improve￾ment and development of the skills. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GRADUATE EDUCATION Although it started in the 1930s in some Chinese univer￾sities, the graduate education of life science began, in a large scale, with the foundation of the master degree sys￾tem in 1954 in new China (after 1949). Before 1981, there was only master degree education in China. Since then, China began to offer the doctoral degree [15, 16]. The first batch of students (18 students) received their doctoral degrees in 1983 in China. By the end of the year 2003, 91,000 students had earned doctoral degrees [17]. How￾ever, before 1997, graduate students studying biotechnol￾ogy were awarded degrees in life sciences because before that time, there was no graduate major called Biotechnol￾ogy. At the end of the 20th century, many colleges and universities founded biotechnology degree programs, but there were many differences in program names, purposes, and curricula because of their different features and char￾acteristics, locations, and financial situations. For in￾stance, the appellations include the programs of Biotech￾nology, Food Biotechnology, Plant Biotechnology, Marine Biotechnology, and Biotechnological Pharmaceutics and TABLE II Lectures on frontiers of the discipline and unique feature course of biotechnology degree programs at Shanghai Jiao Tong University (14 Crs.) Course type Course name Course code Crs. Hours Hours/week Term Required course (8 Crs.) Biology on Development F0813312 2 36 2 7 Fundamentals of Genetic Engineering F0813322 2 36 2 7 Bioinformatics F0813332 2 36 2 6 Genetics Lab. F0815342 2 36 2 6 Elective course (6 Crs.) Enzymatic Engineering F0832036 1.5 27 1.5 6 Cellular Engineering F081Z406 1.5 27 1.5 6 Biochemical Separation Engineering F081Z462 2 36 2 7 Ecological Engineering F081Z472 2 36 2 7 Life Science Documents Retrieval F081Z412 2 12 2 7 Frontier Lectures in Life Science F081Z422 2 36 2 7 Practice training Military Training F5536304 4 2 weeks 2 weeks 2 Industrial Practice F4105303 3 54 54 3 Acquaintanceship Practice F0835986 1.5 1 weeks 1 week 4 Internship F0835979 4.5 3 weeks 3 weeks 6 Undergraduate Project (Thesis) F0835995 24 24 weeks 8 weeks 7 16 weeks 8 143