Modular arithmetic a= b mod m iff(a-b)=km+ b for some m the equivalence class under mod m m C anonical for rm:Zm={0,12,,m-},we use the positive remainder as the standard representationModular Arithmetic • a = b mod m iff (a-b) = km + b for some m • Zm the equivalence class under mod m • [a]m • Canonical form: Zm = {0,1,2,…,m-1}, we use the positive remainder as the standard representation