19.1 Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature lowing this one. Together, this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental structural types and functional group transformations in organic and bio logical chemi 19.1 CARBOXYLIC ACID NOMENCLATURE owhere in organic chemistry are common names used more often than with the car- boxylic acids Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic names, and the framers of the IUPAC nomenclature rules have taken a lib- eral view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the sys- tematic ones. Table 19. 1 lists both the common and the systematic names of a number of important carboxylic acids. Systematic names for carboxylic acids are derived by counting the number of car bons in the longest continuous chain that includes the carboxyl group and replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane by -oic acid. The first three acids in the table, methanoic(I carbon), ethanoic (2 carbons), and octadecanoic acid(18 carbons), illus trate this point. When substituents are present, their locations are identified by number numbering of the carbon chain al ways begins at the carboxyl group. This is illustrated in entries 4 and 5 in the table TABLE 19.1 Systematic and Common Names of Some Carboxylic Acids Structural formula Systematic name Methanoic acid Formic acid CHCO,H Ethanoic acid CH3(CH,)16 CO2H Octadecanoic acid Stearic acid CH3CHCO2H Lactic acid HCO,H 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethanoic acid Mandelic acid Propenoic acid Acrylic acid CH3(CH2)7 (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid oleic acid -CO2H Benzenecarboxylic acid enzoic acid O-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid alicylic acid HO2CCH2 CO2H Propanedioic acid HO2, CH2 CO2H Butanedioic acid Succinic acid CO2H 1, 2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Phthalic acid CO2H Back Forward Main MenuToc Study Guide ToC Student o MHHE Websitelowing this one. Together, this chapter and the next tell the story of some of the most fundamental structural types and functional group transformations in organic and bio￾logical chemistry. 19.1 CARBOXYLIC ACID NOMENCLATURE Nowhere in organic chemistry are common names used more often than with the car￾boxylic acids. Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic names, and the framers of the IUPAC nomenclature rules have taken a lib￾eral view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the sys￾tematic ones. Table 19.1 lists both the common and the systematic names of a number of important carboxylic acids. Systematic names for carboxylic acids are derived by counting the number of car￾bons in the longest continuous chain that includes the carboxyl group and replacing the -e ending of the corresponding alkane by -oic acid. The first three acids in the table, methanoic (1 carbon), ethanoic (2 carbons), and octadecanoic acid (18 carbons), illus￾trate this point. When substituents are present, their locations are identified by number; numbering of the carbon chain always begins at the carboxyl group. This is illustrated in entries 4 and 5 in the table. 19.1 Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature 737 TABLE 19.1 Systematic and Common Names of Some Carboxylic Acids 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9. 10. 11. 12. 8. Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid Octadecanoic acid 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid 2-Hydroxy-2-phenylethanoic acid Propenoic acid (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid o-Hydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid Propanedioic acid Butanedioic acid 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid Systematic name Benzenecarboxylic acid Formic acid Acetic acid Stearic acid Lactic acid Mandelic acid Acrylic acid Oleic acid Benzoic acid Salicylic acid Malonic acid Succinic acid Phthalic acid Structural formula Common name HCO2H CH3CO2H CH3(CH2)16CO2H CH3CHCO2H W OH CH2œCHCO2H CH3(CH2)7 (CH2)7CO2H H H CœC ± ± ± ± HO2CCH2CO2H HO2CCH2CH2CO2H CHCO2H W OH CO2H CO2H OH CO2H CO2H Back Forward Main Menu TOC Study Guide TOC Student OLC MHHE Website