CNS/ATM The last decade of this century has seen much attention focused on Communication/Navigation/Surve for Air Traffic Management(CNS/ATM), a satellite-based concept developed by the Future Air System(FANS)Committees of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a special agency of the United Nations. Many studies have predicted enormous economic rewards of CNS/ATM for both aircraft operators and air traffic services providers. The new CNS/ATM system should provide for: Global communications, navigation, and surveillance coverage at all altitudes and embrace remote, off- hore,and oceanic areas. Digital data exchange between air-ground systems( voice backup) Navigation/approach service for runways and other landing areas which need not be equipped wit precision landing aids Navigation Equipment A large portion of the avionics on an aircraft are dedicated to navigation. The following types of navigation and related sensors are commonly found on aircraft: Flight control computer(FCC) light management computer(FMC) Inertial navigation system(INS) Attitude heading and reference system(AHRS Low range radio altimeter(LRRA) Distance Measuring Equipment(DMe Microwave Landing System(MLS) VHF OmniRange(VOR) Receiver Emphasis on Communications rm of digital communications for either data transfer or digitized voice. Military aircraft typically use digital communications for security. Civil aircraft use digital communications to transfer data for improved efficiency of operations and RF spectrum utilization. Both types of aircraft are focusing more on enhanced communica tions to fulfill the requirements for better operational capability. Various types of communications equipment are used on aircraft. The following list tabulates typical com- munications equipment: VHF transceiver(118-136 MHZ UHF transceiver(225-328 MHz/335-400 MHz for military HF transceiver(2.8-24 MHZ) Satellite(1530-1559/1626.5-1660.5 MHz, various frequencies for military Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting(ACARS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (TIDS) In the military environment the need for communicating aircraft status and for aircraft reception of crucial information regarding mission objectives are primary drivers behind improved avionics. In the civil environment e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC CNS/ATM The last decade of this century has seen much attention focused on Communication/Navigation/Surveillance for Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM), a satellite-based concept developed by the Future Air Navigation System (FANS) Committees of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a special agency of the United Nations. Many studies have predicted enormous economic rewards of CNS/ATM for both aircraft operators and air traffic services providers. The new CNS/ATM system should provide for: • Global communications, navigation, and surveillance coverage at all altitudes and embrace remote, off￾shore, and oceanic areas. • Digital data exchange between air-ground systems (voice backup). • Navigation/approach service for runways and other landing areas which need not be equipped with precision landing aids. Navigation Equipment A large portion of the avionics on an aircraft are dedicated to navigation. The following types of navigation and related sensors are commonly found on aircraft: • Flight control computer (FCC) • Flight management computer (FMC) • Inertial navigation system (INS) • Attitude heading and reference system (AHRS) • Air data computer (ADC) • Low range radio altimeter (LRRA) • Radar • Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) • Instrument Landing System (ILS) • Microwave Landing System (MLS) • VHF OmniRange (VOR) Receiver • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Emphasis on Communications An ever-increasing portion of avionics is dedicated to communications. Much of the increase comes in the form of digital communications for either data transfer or digitized voice. Military aircraft typically use digital communications for security. Civil aircraft use digital communications to transfer data for improved efficiency of operations and RF spectrum utilization. Both types of aircraft are focusing more on enhanced communica￾tions to fulfill the requirements for better operational capability. Various types of communications equipment are used on aircraft. The following list tabulates typical com￾munications equipment: • VHF transceiver (118–136 MHz) • UHF transceiver (225–328 MHz/335–400 MHz for military) • HF transceiver (2.8–24 MHz) • Satellite (1530–1559/1626.5–1660.5 MHz, various frequencies for military) • Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting (ACARS) • Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) In the military environment the need for communicating aircraft status and for aircraft reception of crucial information regarding mission objectives are primary drivers behind improved avionics. In the civil environment