断的利润 垄断的利润 The Monopolist's Profi A Monopoly's Profit 利润等于总收益减总成本 边际成本 Marginal cost Profit equals total revenue minus total costs. 利润 Profit=TR-Tc 利润 Profit=(TR/Q-Tc/Q)xQ 利润 Profit=(P-ATc)xQ 平炮总本 求 Demand Quantity 药员方场 垄断的利润 The market for druc The Monopolist's Profit 成本和收兰 Costs and 垄断者将获得经济利润,只要价格 高于平均总成本。 The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is 边际成本 reater than average total cost. 边际收益 Demand Quantity 垄断的福利代价 有效率的产量水平 The Welfare Cost of Monopoly The Efficient Level of output. Price 边际成本 Marginal co 与竞争企业不同,垄断企业收取的价格高于边际成 本 In contrast to a competitive firm, the monopoly 查新者的成本 harges a price above the marginal cost. 从消费者角度看,这种高价格使垄断是不合意的。 From the standpoint of consumers, this high price makes monopoly undesirable. 需求 Demand 但是,从企业所有者的角度看,高价格使垄断极为 合意。 However, from the standpoint of the owners of the Quantity firm, the high price makes monopoly very desirable.5 25 垄断的利润 A Monopoly’s Profit 利润等于总收益减总成本 Profit equals total revenue minus total costs. 利润Profit = TR - TC 利润Profit = (TR/Q - TC/Q) x Q 利润Profit = (P - ATC) x Q 垄断利润 Monopoly profit 垄断的利润 The Monopolist’s Profit... 0 Quantity Costs and Revenue 需求Demand 边际成本Marginal cost 边际收益Marginal revenue QMAX Monopoly B Price 垄断价格 E Average total cost 平均总成本 D 平均总成本 Average total cost C 成本和收益 27 垄断的利润 The Monopolist’s Profit 垄断者将获得经济利润，只要价格 高于平均总成本。 The monopolist will receive economic profits as long as price is greater than average total cost. 28 药品市场 The Market for Drugs... 成本和收益 Costs and Revenue 专利期内的 价格Price during patent life 专利到期后 的价格 Price after patent expires 垄断数量 Monopoly quantity 竞争数量 Competitive quantity 0 数量 Quantity 需求 Demand 边际成本 Marginal 边际收益 cost Marginal revenue 29 垄断的福利代价 The Welfare Cost of Monopoly • 与竞争企业不同，垄断企业收取的价格高于边际成 本。 In contrast to a competitive firm, the monopoly charges a price above the marginal cost. • 从消费者角度看，这种高价格使垄断是不合意的。 From the standpoint of consumers, this high price makes monopoly undesirable. • 但是，从企业所有者的角度看，高价格使垄断极为 合意。 However, from the standpoint of the owners of the firm, the high price makes monopoly very desirable. 30 Price 0 Quantity 边际成本Marginal cost 需求Demand (value to buyers) 效率产量 Efficient quantity 垄断者的成本 Cost to monopolist 对买者的 价值 Value to buyers 对买者的 价值 Value to buyers 垄断者的成本 Cost to monopolist 对买者的价值大于卖者的成本 Value to buyers is greater than cost to seller. 对买者的价值小于卖者的成本 Value to buyers is less than cost to seller. 有效率的产量水平 The Efficient Level of Output