CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ (1865-1923) C harles Steinmetz(1865-1923)came to the United States in 1889 from breslau Germany, where he was a student at the University of Breslau. He joined the inventor Rudolf Eickemeyer in building electric appara tus at Yonkers, New York, and at age 27 he for- ulated the law of hysteresis, which made it possible to reduce the loss of efficiency in elec trical apparatus. When Eickemeyer's firm was bought by General Electric, Steinmetz joined the new company, beginning a 31-year relationship that ended only with his death. His improvements in methods of making cal- culations of current in alternating current cir- cuits revolutionized power engineering, and his theory of electrical transients stood as another important contribution. In the midst of his GE career, Steinmetz was also a professor at Union College and a vocal champion of civic and polit- Charles Proteus Steinmetz(1865-1923) ical causes. Courtesy of the IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering. Fast Transients While the transient stability program assumed a fast transient response was equivalent to an instantaneous response and only concentrated on the slower response of the synchronous machines, the requirement to model the fast transient response of traveling waves on transmission lines brought about the development of programs that treated variables with large time constants as if they were constants and modeled the variables with very small time constants by differential equations. The program is based on the equations governing voltage and current wave propagation along a lossless line Attenuation is then included using suitable lumped resistances. A major feature of the method is that inductance and capacitance can both be represented by resistance in parallel with a current source. This allows a purely resistive network to be formed Whereas, with the most other programs, source code was treated as intellectual property, the development of the fast transient program was done by many different researchers who pooled their ideas and programs An electromagnetic transient program developed quickly and it probably became the first power systems analysis tool to be used for many different purposes throughout the world. From this base, numerous commercial In parallel with the development of electromagnetic transient programs, several state variable programs were produced to examine the fast transient behavior of parts of the electrical system, such as ac transmission lines and HVdc transmission systems. As these programs were specifically designed for the purpose they were intended, it gave them certain advantages over the general purpose electromagnetic transient program c 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Fast Transients While the transient stability program assumed a fast transient response was equivalent to an instantaneous response and only concentrated on the slower response of the synchronous machines, the requirement to model the fast transient response of traveling waves on transmission lines brought about the development of programs that treated variables with large time constants as if they were constants and modeled the variables with very small time constants by differential equations. The program is based on the equations governing voltage and current wave propagation along a lossless line. Attenuation is then included using suitable lumped resistances. A major feature of the method is that inductance and capacitance can both be represented by resistance in parallel with a current source. This allows a purely resistive network to be formed. Whereas, with the most other programs, source code was treated as intellectual property, the development of the fast transient program was done by many different researchers who pooled their ideas and programs. An electromagnetic transient program developed quickly and it probably became the first power systems analysis tool to be used for many different purposes throughout the world. From this base, numerous commercial packages have been developed. In parallel with the development of electromagnetic transient programs, several state variable programs were produced to examine the fast transient behavior of parts of the electrical system, such as ac transmission lines and HVdc transmission systems. As these programs were specifically designed for the purpose they were intended, it gave them certain advantages over the general purpose electromagnetic transient program. CHARLES PROTEUS STEINMETZ (1865–1923) harles Steinmetz (1865–1923) came to the United States in 1889 from Breslau, Germany, where he was a student at the University of Breslau. He joined the inventor Rudolf Eickemeyer in building electric appara￾tus at Yonkers, New York, and at age 27 he for￾mulated the law of hysteresis, which made it possible to reduce the loss of efficiency in elec￾trical apparatus. When Eickemeyer’s firm was bought by General Electric, Steinmetz joined the new company, beginning a 31-year relationship that ended only with his death. His improvements in methods of making cal￾culations of current in alternating current cir￾cuits revolutionized power engineering, and his theory of electrical transients stood as another important contribution. In the midst of his GE career, Steinmetz was also a professor at Union College and a vocal champion of civic and polit￾ical causes. (Courtesy of the IEEE Center for the History of Electrical Engineering.) C