flooding the markets both at home and abroad with its manufactured goods. Popular uprisings again and again hit Ireland;in Scotland 5 people were threatening of independence from the British government;and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government.As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class or the 51 propertied class through much hard work.Morally,they stressed the virtues of self-discipline,thrift and hard work.People divided into the liberal Whigs,who were determined to safeguard popular liberty and the conservative Tories,with tender memories of kingcraft.On the extreme of Toryism were Jacobites.And almost all writers of the age were servants ofWhigsor Tories duringtheir competition. 2.0 Cultural Background 2.1 Enlightenment 5 The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century.It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.The enlighteners fought against class inequality,stagnation,prejudices and othe survivals of feudalism.They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment"or "education"for the people.Theflooding the markets both at home and abroad with its manufactured goods. Popular uprisings again and again hit Ireland; in Scotland people were threatening of independence from the British government; and the American people started their War of Independence in 1776 and finally broke away from the British government. As the Industrial Revolution went on in its full swing, more and more people joined the rank of the middle class or the propertied class through much hard work. Morally, they stressed the virtues of self-discipline, thrift and hard work. People divided into the liberal Whigs, who were determined to safeguard popular liberty, and the conservative Tories, with tender memories of kingcraft. On the extreme of Toryism were Jacobites. And almost all writers of the age were servants of Whigs or Tories during their competition. 2.0 Cultural Background 2.1 Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They thought the chief means for bettering the society was "enlightenment" or "education" for the people. The 5’ 5’ 5’