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定。以反应2N2O sca>4NO2+O,为例: 化学反应速率可以表示成:-dN2O5/d或者d[NO2] 2. Units:mol·dm-3·s-l、mol·dm-3·min-1或者mol·dm-3hr-1 3. Average rate(平均速率)下=-△[反应物]/△t 4. Instantaneous rate(瞬时速率):im{-反应物]/△}=-d反应物]dr 对一般反应而言,aA+bB-)gG+hH 用-d[A]/d、-dB]/d、dG]/d和d田/d中任何一种表示均可。实际上采用其中较 易观察或测定者,如放出气体、自身颜色的变化、使指示剂变色等物质的浓度变化,来表 示该反应的速率 在一般情况下,上面各种速率不尽相同。但在等容条件下, i da] i db l dg i dh 证明:由反应方程式得:(-dm):(-dnB):dnG:dm=a:b:g:h, 在等容条件下,浓度之比就等于物质的量之比 Ep (-d [A J): (-d[ B D): d[G]: d[H-dnA)(dnB): dng: dnA: b:8:h 1画11c Sample Exercise: The decomposition of N2 Os proceeds according to the equation 2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g)+O2(g) If the rate of decomposition of N2Os at a particular instant in a reaction vessel is 4.2x10-7 moldm-3.s, what is the rate of appearance of (a)NO2:(b)O2? Solution:.I d[N, O s I dNo, d[o, dNo=-2NOl=2×42×103=84×107mol.dm3.s dol=14N=1×42×07=21×10mo1dm3.s When we speak of the rate of a reaction without specifying a particular reactant or product, we will mean it in this sense 二、反应活化能(Aciⅳ ation Energy) In 1888 the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius suggested that molecules must possess a certain minimum amount of energy in order to react. According to the collision model, this energy comes from the kinetic energies of the colliding molecules 1.分子运动速率分布( Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution N△E (1)图3.1中横坐标为动能 kinetic energy),纵坐标 为△E之间(即E1→E2之间)所具有的分子 分数,所以每条曲线与横坐标所围成的面积应 E, kinetic enery Fig. 3. 1 Distribution of kinetic energies in gas molecules49 定。以反应 4 2 5 2 2 CCl 2N O 4NO O ⎯⎯→ + 为例: 化学反应速率可以表示成:−d [N2O5] / dt 或者 d [NO2] / dt 2.Units:mol · dm−3 · s−1、mol · dm−3 · min−1 或者 mol · dm−3 · hr −1 3.Average rate(平均速率) v = −Δ[反应物] / Δt 4.Instantaneous rate(瞬时速率): 0 lim{ } [ ]/ d[ ]/ d t t t  → − = −   反应物 反应物 对一般反应而言, a b g h A B G H + + ⎯⎯→ 用−d[A] / dt、−d[B] / dt、d[G] / dt 和 d[H] / dt 中任何一种表示均可。实际上采用其中较 易观察或测定者,如放出气体、自身颜色的变化、使指示剂变色等物质的浓度变化,来表 示该反应的速率。 在一般情况下,上面各种速率不尽相同。但在等容条件下, 1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[G] 1 d[H] = = = a t b t g t h t d d d d − − 证明:由反应方程式得:(−dnA)  (−dnB)  dnG  dnH = a  b  g  h, 在等容条件下,浓度之比就等于物质的量之比: 即 (-d[A]):(-d[B]):d[G]:d[H]=(-d ):(-d ):d :d = : : : A G B H n n n n a b g h ∴ 1 d[A] 1 d[B] 1 d[G] 1 d[H] = = = a t b t g t h t d d d d − − Sample Exercise:The decomposition of N2O5 proceeds according to the equation: 2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g) If the rate of decomposition of N2O5 at a particular instant in a reaction vessel is 4.210−7 mol · dm−3 · s−1,what is the rate of appearance of (a) NO2; (b) O2? Solution:∵ 2 5 2 2 1 1 d[N O ] d[NO ] d[O ] 2 d 4 d d t t t − = = ∴ d[NO ]2 2d[N O ] 2 5 7 7 2 4.2 10 8.4 10 d d t t − − = − =   =  mol · dm−3 · s−1 d[O ]2 1 1 d[N O ] 2 5 7 7 4.2 10 2.1 10 d 2 d 2 t t − − = − =   =  mol · dm−3 · s−1 When we speak of the rate of a reaction without specifying a particular reactant or product, we will mean it in this sense. 二、反应活化能(Activation Energy) In 1888 the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius suggested that molecules must possess a certain minimum amount of energy in order to react. According to the collision model, this energy comes from the kinetic energies of the colliding molecules. 1.分子运动速率分布(Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution) (1) 图 3.1 中横坐标为动能(kinetic energy),纵坐标 为 ΔE *之间(即 E1→E2 之间)所具有的分子 分数,所以每条曲线与横坐标所围成的面积应 E1 E2 E平 Ec Ek kinetic eneryg N△ E * N * a b c d Fig. 3.1 Distribution of kinetic energies in gas molecules
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