Woelk(2010) RCT,DB.active Generalised 80 mg/day of an oral Lorazepam (1)Hamilton (1)HAMA Silexan is as effective 20 pps suffered (Woelk and control, anxiety disorder Lavender extract 0.5 mg/day)for 6 Anxiety Scale decreased by4 and well-tolerated as from 26 cases of Schlafke 2010) double-dummy (77:69) (Silexan)for 6 weeks weeks (HAMA) (lavender)versus lorazepam in adults AEs in the Silexan Germany (2)Penn State 46%(Lorazepam) with GAD group (mainly Worry Inventory (2)and (3)PSWS gastrointestinal (PSWS) and SAS decreased disorders)18 pps (3)Zung to a similar extent suffering from 19 Self-Rating Anxiety in both groups AEs in the Scale(SAS) lorezepam group (mainly fatigue/sedative effects) Kasper (2010) RCT DB pc Subsyndromal' 80 mg/day of an oral 1x day placebo Hamilton Anxiety HAMA decreased Lavender oil is both 30 pps(Silexan (Kasper.Gastpar. anxiety disorder lavender oil extract (0.08 mg of Scale(HAMA) by 59.3%with efficacious and safe for group)reported 55 Iler,Volz,ller. (221:212) (Silexan)for 10 weeks lavender so lavender oil versus the relief of AEs and 35pps and Dienel 2010) identical for smell) 35.4%with placebo (unspecified)anxiety (placebo group) Germany for 10 weeks (pc0.01) disorder reported 68 AEs. Four serious but not attributable 8 events occurred and all AEs that Perry resulted in withdrawal were not related to treatment Bradley(2009) RCT DB Healthy volunteers (1)Gelatine capsules Placebo gelatine (1)STAI-Y state Trend for200μl Lavender has anxiolytic Not reported (Bradley.Brown, (97:96) with sunflower oil and capsule with just anxiety scale lavender had more effects under Chu,and Lea lavender (100 ul)1x sunflower oil 1x (3)Heart rate(HR) of an eftect in low conditions of low 元ed 2009)UK (2)Gelatine capsules (4)Galvanic skin but not under high anxiety,but may not with sunflower oil and response(GSR) anxiety on both extend to conditions of avender200】】x physiological and high anxiety self-report measures (p<0.05) 1825 Xu(2008)(XL RCT single-blind 3 Healthy volunteers Ayurvedic oil-dripping (1)Ayurvedic (1)STAI at end of (1)No sig. The complicated Not reported Uebaba.Ogawa, groups(within (16:16) (sesame oil containing oil-dripping with procedure difference between pharmaco-physio- Tatsuse,Wang. groups) 0.3%lavender oil)1 sesame carrier oil (2)Heart rate(HR) lavender and psychologic action of Hisajima. session onlv 2]No ou-dnpping carner oil-dripping ayruvedic oil treatment Venkatraman but significant may provide a useful 2008)Japan difference between model for future both oil-dripping pharmaco-physio- conditions and the psychotherapy. control in STAI (2)HR-no significant differences found between groups Morris (2002) RCT single blind Healthy volunteers 10 min bath/day using 10 min bath/day UWIST Mood No between-group The results are Not reported (Morris 2002)UK (40:40) 3 pipettes of lavender using only Adjective Checklist differences encouraging and oil (20%)+grapeseed grapeseed oil reported on tense further work is needed oil (80%)added to bath (100元)for14days arousal scale of the water for 14 days UWIST DB:double blind:RCT:randomised controlled trial:pp:participants:pc:placebo-controlled:sig.:significant:AFs:adverse events. Assumed there were no drop-outs due to short trial duration (not directly reported) 臣R. Perry et al. / Phytomedicine 19 (2012) 825–835 829 Woelk (2010) (Woelk and Schlafke 2010) Germany RCT, DB, active control, double-dummy Generalised anxiety disorder (77:69) 80 mg/day of an oral Lavender extract (Silexan) for 6 weeks Lorazepam 0.5 mg/day) for 6 weeks (1) Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) (2) Penn State Worry Inventory (PSWS) (3) Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) (1) HAMA decreased by 45% (lavender) versus 46% (Lorazepam) (2) and (3) PSWS and SAS decreased to a similar extent in both groups Silexan is as effective and well-tolerated as lorazepam in adults with GAD 20 pps suffered from 26 cases of AEs in the Silexan group (mainly gastrointestinal disorders), 18 pps suffering from 19 AEs in the lorezepam group (mainly fatigue/sedative effects) Kasper (2010) (Kasper, Gastpar, ller, Volz, ller, and Dienel 2010) Germany RCT DB pc ‘Subsyndromal’ anxiety disorder (221:212) 80 mg/day of an oral lavender oil extract (Silexan) for 10 weeks 1× day placebo (0.08 mg of lavender so identical for smell) for 10 weeks Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) HAMA decreased by 59.3% with lavender oil versus 35.4% with placebo (p < 0.01) Lavender oil is both efficacious and safe for the relief of (unspecified) anxiety disorder 30 pps (Silexan group) reported 55 AEs and 35pps (placebo group) reported 68 AEs. Four serious but not attributable events occurred and all AEs that resulted in withdrawal were not related to treatment Bradley (2009) (Bradley, Brown, Chu, and Lea 2009) UK RCT DB Healthy volunteers (97:96) (1) Gelatine capsules with sunflower oil and lavender (100 l) 1× (2) Gelatine capsules with sunflower oil and Lavender (200 l) 1× Placebo gelatine capsule with just sunflower oil 1× (1) STAI-Y state anxiety scale (3) Heart rate (HR) (4) Galvanic skin response (GSR) Trend for 200 l lavender had more of an effect in low but not under high anxiety on both physiological and self-report measures (p < 0.05) Lavender has anxiolytic effects under conditions of low anxiety, but may not extend to conditions of high anxiety Not reported Xu (2008) (Xu, Uebaba, Ogawa, Tatsuse, Wang, Hisajima, Venkatraman 2008) Japan RCT single-blind 3 groups (within groups) Healthy volunteers (16:16a) Ayurvedic oil-dripping (sesame oil containing 0.3% lavender oil) 1 session only (1) Ayurvedic oil-dripping with sesame carrier oil (2) No oil-dripping (1) STAI at end of procedure (2) Heart rate (HR) (1) No sig. difference between lavender and carrier oil-dripping but significant difference between both oil-dripping conditions and the control in STAI (2) HR – no significant differences found between groups The complicated pharmaco-physio￾psychologic action of ayruvedic oil treatment may provide a useful model for future pharmaco-physio￾psychotherapy. Not reported Morris (2002) (Morris 2002) UK RCT single blind Healthy volunteers (40:40) 10 min bath/day using 3 pipettes of lavender oil (20%) + grapeseed oil (80%) added to bath water for 14 days 10 min bath/day using only grapeseed oil (100%) for 14 days UWIST Mood Adjective Checklist No between-group differences reported on tense arousal scale of the UWIST The results are encouraging and further work is needed Not reported DB: double blind; RCT: randomised controlled trial; pp: participants; pc: placebo-controlled; sig.: significant; AEs: adverse events. a Assumed there were no drop-outs due to short trial duration (not directly reported).