9.6. Adhesion 439 Exercises References Chapter 10 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Thin Films 451 10. 1. Introduction to Electrical Properties of Thin Films 10.2. Conduction in Metal Films 10.3. Electrical Transport in Insulating Films 464 10. 4. Semiconductor Contacts and MOS Structures 10.5. Superconductivity in Thin Films 10.6. Introduction to Ferromagnetism 10.7. Magnetic Film Size Effects- M, versus Thickness and Temperature 10.8. Magnetic Thin Films for Memory Applications 493 Exercises References Chapter 11 Optical Properties of Thin Films 11. 1. Introduction 11. 2. Properties of Optical Film Materials 11.3. Thin-Film Optics 11.4. Multilayer Optical Film Applications References Chapter 12 Metallurgical and Protective Coatings 547 12.1. Introduction 547 12. 2. Hard Coating Materials 12.3. Hardness and Fracture 561 12. 4. Tribology of Films and Coatings 570 12,5. Diffusional, Protective, and Thermal Coatings 580 Exerc Chapter 13 Modification of Surfaces and Films 589 13. 1. Introduction 13. 2. Lasers and Their Interactions with Surfacesviii Contents 9.6. Adhesion ......................................... 439 Exercises ......................................... 446 References ........................................ 449 Chapter 10 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Thin Films ....... 451 10.1. Introduction to Electrical Properties of Thin Films ............ 451 10.2. Conduction in Metal Films ............................ 455 10.3. Electrical Transport in Insulating Films ................... 464 10.4. Semiconductor Contacts and MOS Structures ............... 472 10.5. Superconductivity in Thin Films ........................ 480 10.6. Introduction to Ferromagnetism ......................... 485 Temperature .................................... 489 10.8. Magnetic Thin Films for Memory Applications .............. 493 Exercises ........................................ 502 References ....................................... 505 10.7. Magnetic Film Size Effects - M, versus Thickness and Chapter 11 Optical Properties of Thin Films ...................... 507 11.1. Introduction ...................................... 507 1 1.2. Properties of Optical Film Materials ...................... 508 1 1.3. Thin-Film Optics .................................. 524 1 1.4. Multilayer Optical Film Applications ..................... 531 Exercises ........................................ 542 References ....................................... 544 Chapter 72 Metallurgical and Protective Coatings ................. 547 12.1. Introduction ...................................... 547 12.2. Hard Coating Materials .............................. 551 12.3. Hardness and Fracture ............................... 561 12.4. Tribology of Films and Coatings ........................ 570 12.5. Diffusional, Protective, and Thermal Coatings ............... 580 Exercises ........................................ 585 References ....................................... 587 Chapter 13 Modification of Surfaces and Films ................... 589 13.1. Introduction ...................................... 589 13.2. Lasers and Their Interactions with Surfaces ................. 591