Computational Thinking:What and Why? Jeannette M.Wing 17 November 2010 In my March 2006 CACM article I used the term"computational thinking to articulate a vision that everyone,not just those who major in computer science,can benefit from thinking like a computer scientist [Wing06].So,what is computational thinking?Here is a definition that Jan Cuny of the National Science Foundation,Larry Snyder of the University of Washington,and I use;it is inspired by an email exchange I had with Al Aho of Columbia University: Computational Thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent [CunySnyder Wing10] Informally,computational thinking describes the mental activity in formulating a problem to admit a computational solution.The solution can be carried out by a human or machine,or more generally,by combinations of humans and machines. When I use the term computational thinking,my interpretation of the words"problem"and "solution"is broad;in particular,I mean not just mathematically well-defined problems whose solutions are completely analyzable,e.g.,a proof,an algorithm,or a program,but also real-world problems whose solutions might be in the form of large,complex software systems.Thus, computational thinking overlaps with logical thinking and systems thinking.It includes algorithmic thinking and parallel thinking,which in turn engage other kinds of thought processes, e.g.,compositional reasoning,pattern matching,procedural thinking,and recursive thinking. Computational thinking is used in the design and analysis of problems and their solutions. broadly interpreted.The most important and high-level thought process in computational thinking is the abstraction process.Abstraction is used in defining patterns,generalizing from instances,and parameterization.It is used to let one object stand for many.It is used to capture essential properties common to a set of objects while hiding irrelevant distinctions among them. For example,an algorithm is an abstraction of a process that takes inputs,executes a sequence of steps,and produces outputs to satisfy a desired goal.An abstract data type defines an abstract set of values and operations for manipulating those values,hiding the actual representation of the values from the user of the abstract data type.Designing efficient algorithms inherently involves designing abstract data types.Abstraction gives us the power to scale and deal with complexity. Recursively applying abstraction gives us the ability to build larger and larger systems,with the base case(at least for computer science)being bits(0's and I's).In computing,we routinely build systems in terms of layers of abstraction,allowing us to focus on one layer at a time and on the formal relations(e.g,“uses,”“refines'”or“implements'”,“simulates")between adjacent layers.When we write a program in a high-level language,we do not worry about the details of the underlying hardware,the operating system,the file system,or the network;furthermore,we rely on the compiler to be a correct implementation of the semantics of the language.As another example,the narrow waist architecture of the Internet,with TCP/IP at the middle,enabled a multitude of unforeseen applications to proliferate at the highest layer,and a multitude of unforeseen hardware platforms,communications media,and devices to proliferate at the lowest.1 Computational Thinking: What and Why? Jeannette M. Wing 17 November 2010 In my March 2006 CACM article I used the term “computational thinking” to articulate a vision that everyone, not just those who major in computer science, can benefit from thinking like a computer scientist [Wing06]. So, what is computational thinking? Here is a definition that Jan Cuny of the National Science Foundation, Larry Snyder of the University of Washington, and I use; it is inspired by an email exchange I had with Al Aho of Columbia University: Computational Thinking is the thought processes involved in formulating problems and their solutions so that the solutions are represented in a form that can be effectively carried out by an information-processing agent [CunySnyderWing10] Informally, computational thinking describes the mental activity in formulating a problem to admit a computational solution. The solution can be carried out by a human or machine, or more generally, by combinations of humans and machines. When I use the term computational thinking, my interpretation of the words “problem” and “solution” is broad; in particular, I mean not just mathematically well-defined problems whose solutions are completely analyzable, e.g., a proof, an algorithm, or a program, but also real-world problems whose solutions might be in the form of large, complex software systems. Thus, computational thinking overlaps with logical thinking and systems thinking. It includes algorithmic thinking and parallel thinking, which in turn engage other kinds of thought processes, e.g., compositional reasoning, pattern matching, procedural thinking, and recursive thinking. Computational thinking is used in the design and analysis of problems and their solutions, broadly interpreted. The most important and high-level thought process in computational thinking is the abstraction process. Abstraction is used in defining patterns, generalizing from instances, and parameterization. It is used to let one object stand for many. It is used to capture essential properties common to a set of objects while hiding irrelevant distinctions among them. For example, an algorithm is an abstraction of a process that takes inputs, executes a sequence of steps, and produces outputs to satisfy a desired goal. An abstract data type defines an abstract set of values and operations for manipulating those values, hiding the actual representation of the values from the user of the abstract data type. Designing efficient algorithms inherently involves designing abstract data types. Abstraction gives us the power to scale and deal with complexity. Recursively applying abstraction gives us the ability to build larger and larger systems, with the base case (at least for computer science) being bits (0’s and 1’s). In computing, we routinely build systems in terms of layers of abstraction, allowing us to focus on one layer at a time and on the formal relations (e.g., “uses,” “refines” or “implements”, “simulates”) between adjacent layers. When we write a program in a high-level language, we do not worry about the details of the underlying hardware, the operating system, the file system, or the network; furthermore, we rely on the compiler to be a correct implementation of the semantics of the language. As another example, the narrow waist architecture of the Internet, with TCP/IP at the middle, enabled a multitude of unforeseen applications to proliferate at the highest layer, and a multitude of unforeseen hardware platforms, communications media, and devices to proliferate at the lowest