380 WORLD POLITICS only partly and never wholly identified with them.For example, power,or prestige,has been associated,in part,with increased popula- tion and with accretions of territory.What is interesting about the empirical referents of transcendental goals is that "they change;new oncs are created;old ones pass out of existence;and their relations... are shuffled."ia Here,the old identification of power and sccurity with territory and population has been changed to an identification of welfare with economic growth."Territorial conquest,"as Klaus Knorr has written, "by force of arms has lost the perennial attraction it possessed through- out mankind's violent history. Two general transformations associated with high levels of modern- ization are responsible for this change.One pertains to the classical in- struments of policy,armaments and weapons,and the changes brought about in external goals by the development of nuclear weapons and their delivery systems.The other is related to more general trans- formations of domestic society. The effects of nuclear weapons on national external goals have re- ceived far greater attention than have the effects of the transformation of domestic socicty.This one-sided attention is a result of the pre- occupation with high policies and serves to obscure more radical changes in policy objectives.It is also related to the assumption that even with the development of nuclear weapons systems plus fa change, plus c'est la meme chose,or that neither military nor economic inter. dependence has grown in recent years,but that they may even have diminished considerably.s The development of nuclear weapons has had a crosscutting effect.On the one hand,it makes the territorial state incapable of providing defense and security,by creating the first truly global international system unificd by the possibility of generating un- acceptable levels of human destruction.On the other hand,nuclear weapons are also said to reaffirm the viability of the nation-state as a political unit,by providing its absolute defense by deterrence. In any case,the key to the obsolescence of territorial goals that ac- companied the development of nuclear weapons is the increased cost of territorial accretion.No modernized state can afford it.It is there- fore no accident that major territorial disputes have disappeared from relations among the highly modernized states and now can occur 1 a Levy,“Rapid Social Change,”657. +Klaus Knorr,On the Ures of Military Power in the Nuclear Age (Princeton 1966), 21. 1s This is the argument in Robert E.Osgood and Robert W.Tucker,Force,Order, and Justice (Baltimore 1g67),325. 16A balanced analysis of both schools of thought can be found in Pierre Hassner, "The Nation-State in the Nuclear Age,"Survey,Lxvtr (April 1968),3-27