374 DEBORAH J. THARINGER AND KEVIN STARK Stark's Figure 1 indicates that, at the broadest level, relatively Eklund, S J, Huebner, E S, Groman, C& Michael, R(1980, April) few of the children(29%)who received parental permission at The modal assessment battery used by school psychologists in the each step of the process and who initially reported clinically United States: 1979-1980. Paper presented at the annual meeting of significant levels of depressive or anxious symptoms or both the National Association of School Psychologists, Washington, DC. continued through the process to receive a diagnosis of a mood Fuller,GB,& Goh, DS(983). Current practices in the assessment of or anxiety disorder. a closer look at the results of this assess- ersonality and behavior by school psychologists. School psycho/- ment procedure revealed that 40% of the children whose scores ogy Review 12, 244-245 exceeded the cutoff on the initial administration of the CDI did Goh, D.S. Teslow, C, J,& Fuller, G.B.(1981). The practice of psycho- not continue to report significant levels of depressive symptoms who initially scored in excess of the cutoff score on the RCMAS Gordon. N, Lefkowitz, M. M.& Tesiny, E P(980).Childhood de- pression and the Draw-A-Person. Psychological Reports, 47, 251 reported nonclinical levels of anxious symptoms on the second administration. It also became evident that there was the great- Harris, D. B(1963). Childrens drawings as a measure of intellectual est relative change in the scores of the children who initially maturity: New York: Harcourt, Brace& World exceeded the cutoff on a single measure and less change among Harris, D. B (1978). A review of Kinetic Family Drawings. In O.K children who initially exceeded the cutoff scores on both the Buros(Ed ) The eighth mental measurements yearbook (Vol 1, pp CDI and RCMAS. In general, results of this assessment process 884-885). Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press have implications for future research in the areas of childhood Holmes, C. B,& wiederhold, J (1982). Depression and figure size on mood and anxiety disorders Reliance on a self-report measure the Draw-A-Person test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 825-826 as the sole means of identifying depressed/anxious and control Kendall, P C, Cantwell, D P, Kazdin, A E(1989).Depression in children, regardless of whether it is administered once or twice, children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations Is going to be misleading because many of the youngsters will Cognitive Therapy and Research. 13,109-146 not be experiencing a diagnoseable mood or anxiety disorder. Kendall, P C, Hollon S. D, Beck, A. t, Hammen, C L,& R E(1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of th Depression Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 28 References Kendall, P C, Stark, K. D, Adam T(1990). Cognitive deficit or cognitive distortion in childhood depression? Journal of abnormal Ambrosini,PJ,Metz,C.Prabucki, K& Lee, 3.195. Jour 23-728 Knof. h M. Prout. HT(1985). The kineticdrawing-system: Family reliability of the third revised edition of the K-Sa and school. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. ic Association(1980). Diagnostic and statistical Koppitz, E. M.(1968). Psychological evaluation of childrens human manual of mental disorders(3rd ed ) Washington, DC: Author. igure drawingS. New York: Grune& Stratton. American Psychiatric Association(1987). Diagnostic and statistical Kovacs, M(1983). The Childrens Depression Inventory A self-rated manual of mental disorders(rd ed, rev). Washington, DC: Aut depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manu- Apter, A. Orvaschel, H, Laseg, M, Moses, T, Tyano, S(1989) script. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA Psychometric properties of K-SADS-P in an Israeli adolescent in- Last. C G.& Strauss, C. C (1990). School refusal in anxiety-disor atient population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and dered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academyof Adolescent Psychiatry 28, 61-65 Beck,AT, Emery, G (1985). Anxiety disorders and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29, 31-3 Lewinsohn, P. M. (1964). Relationship between height of figure draw Beck, A. T. Ward, C. H, Mendelson, M. Mock, J. E,& Erbaugh, J ings and depression in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting Psycholog某28,380-381 961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of genera Psychiatry4,561-571 Loutitt, C M.& Browne, C G(1947). The use of Bloom, B. L (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family ments in psychological clinics. Journal of consulting Psychology functioning. Family Process, 24, 225-239 Burns, R.C.& Kaufman, S. H (1970). Kinetic Family Drawings(K-F. Lubin, B, Larsen, R.M. Matarazzo, J D (1984). Patterns of psycho- D): An introduction to understanding children th logical test usage in the United States: 1935-1982. American Psychol gs. New York: Brunner/Mazel OgIST.39,451-454 Burns,RC,& Kaufman, SH(1972). Actions, styles, and symbols in Lubin, B, Wallis,R. R,& Paine, C(1971).Patterns of psychological Kinetic Family Drawings(K-F-D). New York: Brunner/Ma test usage in the United States: 1935-1969. Professional Psychology Coopersmith, S( 1975). Sel/f-Esteem Inventory Form B. Lafayette, CA: Self Esteem Institute Machover, K. (1949). Personc rojection in the drawing of the human ship of shading on the Draw-A-Person to manifest anxiety. Journalof McPhee, J P,& Wegner, Kw(1976).Kinetic-Family-Drawing styles Consulting Psychology 5, 145-155 Cummings, J. A(1986). Projective drawings. In H. Knoff(Ed ity Assessment, 40 487-491 ssessment of child and adolescent personality pp. 199-244 Meichenbaum, D( 1977). Cognitive behavior modification: An integra- New York: Plenum Press Cytryn, L,& Mck new, D H(1980). Diagnosis of depression in chil- Meyers, C. V(1978). Toward an objective procedure evaluation of the dren: A reassessment American Journal of Psychiatry 137, 22 Kinetic Family Drawing(KFD). Journal of Personality Assessment, Doubros, S G, Mascarenhas, J(967). Effect of test produced anx 42,358-365 ety on human figure drawings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 773- Mitchell, J, McCauley, E, Burke, P, Calderon, R,& Schloredt, K (1989). Psychopathology in parents of depressed children and adoles-374 DEBORAH J. THARINGER AND KEVIN STARK Stark's Figure 1 indicates that, at the broadest level, relatively few of the children (29%) who received parental permission at each step of the process and who initially reported clinically significant levels of depressive or anxious symptoms or both continued through the process to receive a diagnosis of a mood or anxiety disorder. A closer look at the results of this assess￾ment procedure revealed that 40% of the children whose scores exceeded the cutoff on the initial administration of the GDI did not continue to report significant levels of depressive symptoms on the second administration. Similarly, 29% of the youngsters who initially scored in excess of the cutoffscore on the RCM AS reported nonclinical levels of anxious symptoms on the second administration. It also became evident that there was the great￾est relative change in the scores of the children who initially exceeded the cutoffon a single measure and less change among children who initially exceeded the cutoff scores on both the GDI and RCMAS. In general, results of this assessment process have implications for future research in the areas of childhood mood and anxiety disorders. Reliance on a self-report measure as the sole means of identifying depressed/anxious and control children, regardless of whether it is administered once or twice, is going to be misleading because many of the youngsters will not be experiencing a diagnoseable mood or anxiety disorder. References Ambrosini, P. J., Metz, C, Prabucki, K., & Lee, J. (1989). Videotape reliability of the third revised edition of the K-SADS. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 723-728. American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev). Washington, DC: Author. Apter, A., Orvaschel, H., Laseg, M., Moses, T., & Tyano, S. (1989). Psychometric properties of K-SADS-P in an Israeli adolescent in￾patient population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28,61-65. Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias. New York: Basic Books. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. E., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. Bloom, B. L. (1985). A factor analysis of self-report measures of family functioning. Family Process, 24, 225-239. Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1970). Kinetic Family Drawings (K-F￾D): An introduction to understanding children through kinetic draw￾ings. New York: Brunner/Mazel. Burns, R. C., & Kaufman, S. H. (1972). Actions, styles, and symbols in Kinetic Family Drawings (K-F-D). New York: Brunner/Mazel. Coopersmith, S. (1975). Self-Esteem Inventory Form B. Lafayette, CA: Self Esteem Institute. Craddick, R. A., Leipold, W D., & Cacauas, P. D. (1962). The relation￾ship of shading on the Draw-A-Person to manifest anxiety. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 5,145-155. Cummings, J. A. (1986). Projective drawings. In H. Knoff (Ed.), The assessment of child and adolescent personality, pp. 199-244. New York: Guilford Press. Cytryn, L., & McKnew, D. H. (1980). Diagnosis of depression in chil￾dren: A reassessment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 22-25. Doubros, S. G., & Mascarenhas, J. (1967). Effect of test produced anxi￾ety on human figure drawings. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 25, 773- 775. Eklund, S. J., Huebner, E. S., Groman, C, & Michael, R. (1980, April). The modal assessment battery used by school psychologists in the United States: 1979-1980. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Association of School Psychologists, Washington, DC. Fuller, G. B., & Goh, D. S. (1983). Current practices in the assessment of personality and behavior by school psychologists. School Psychol￾ogy Review, 12, 244-249. Goh, D. S., Teslow, C. J., & Fuller, G. B. (1981). The practice of psycho￾logical assessment among school psychologists. Professional Psy￾chology, 12, 696-706. Gordon, R, Lefkowitz, M. M., & Tesiny, E. P. (1980). Childhood de￾pression and the Draw-A-Person. Psychological Reports, 47, 251- 257. Harris, D. B. (1963). Children's drawings as a measure of intellectual maturity. New \brk: Harcourt, Brace & World. Harris, D. B. (1978). A review of Kinetic Family Drawings. In O. K. Euros (Ed.), The eighth mental measurements yearbook (Vol. 1, pp. 884-885). Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press. Holmes, C. B., & Wiederhold, J. (1982). Depression and figure size on the Draw-A-Person test. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 55, 825-826. Kendall, P. C, Cantwell, D. P., & Kazdin, A. E. (1989). Depression in children and adolescents: Assessment issues and recommendations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 13,109-146. Kendall, P. C, Hollon, S. D., Beck, A. T, Hammen, C. L., & Ingram, R. E. (1987). Issues and recommendations regarding use of the Beck Depression Inventory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11,289-299. Kendall, P. C., Stark, K. D., & Adam, T. (1990). Cognitive deficit or cognitive distortion in childhood depression? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 255-270. Knoff, H. M., & Prout, H. T. (1985). The kinetic drawing system: Family and school. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services. Koppitz, E. M. (1968). Psychological evaluation of children's human figure drawings. New York: Grune & Stratton. Kovacs, M. (1983). The Children's Depression Inventory: A self-rated depression scale for school-aged youngsters. Unpublished manu￾script. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Last, C. G, & Strauss, C. C. (1990). School refusal in anxiety-disor￾dered children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 31-35. Lewinsohn, P. M. (1964). Relationship between height of figure draw￾ings and depression in psychiatric patients. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 380-381. Loutitt, C. M., & Browne, C. G. (1947). The use of psychiatric instru￾ments in psychological clinics. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 11, 49-54. Lubin, B., Larsen, R. M., & Matarazzo, J. D. (1984). Patterns of psycho￾logical test usage in the United States: 1935-1982. American Psychol￾ogist, 39, 451-454. Lubin, B., Wallis, R. R., & Paine, C. (1971). Patterns of psychological test usage in the United States: 1935-1969. Professional Psychology, 2, 70-74. Machover, K.(1949). Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure. Springfield, IL: Thomas. McPhee, J. P., & Wegner, K. W (1976). Kinetic-Family-Drawing styles and emotionally disturbed childhood behavior. Journal of Personal￾ity Assessment, 40, 487-491. Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification: An integra￾tive approach. New York: Plenum Press. Meyers, C. V (1978). Toward an objective procedure evaluation of the Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD). Journal of Personality Assessment, 42, 358-365. Mitchell, J., McCauley, E., Burke, P., Calderon, R., & Schloredt, K. (1989). Psychopathology in parents of depressed children and adoles-