Properties which can be determined from fluctuations Important remark Fluctuations are ensemble dependent! But averages are not e. g <AH(p, q)2>=0 in the microcanonical ensemble but is non zero in the canonical ensemble Heat capacit kT2Cv=<△H(p、q)Nr <(H(PN, q)-<H(p, q)>nvT NVT <H(P q)>NVT -<H(p q) 2 NVT Remark: In general, the numerical precision on fluctuations is poorer than that for the averages <△H(p、qN)N=<△U2N+<△K2Nvr <△K2 NVT 3N(kT)2/2Properties which can be determined from fluctuations Important remark: Fluctuations are ensemble dependent! But averages are not. e.g., <ΔH(p N ,q N) 2>=0 in the microcanonical ensemble but is non zero in the canonical ensemble. Heat capacity kT2CV = <ΔH(p N ,q N) 2>NVT = <(H(p N ,q N) - <H(p N ,q N) >NVT) 2 >NVT = <H(p N ,q N) 2>NVT - <H(p N ,q N)>NVT 2 Remark: In general, the numerical precision on fluctuations is poorer than that for the averages. <ΔH(p N ,q N) 2>NVT = <ΔU2>NVT + <ΔK2>NVT <ΔK2>NVT = 3N(kT)2 /2