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1338 J.C. McNulty et al. Composites Science and Technology 61(2001)1331-1338 [18 Lara-Curzio E. Ferber MK. Stress rupture of continuous fiber 2 ceramic composites at intermediate temperatures. J Mater Sci For the center notch geometry used in the present [19] Lara-Curzio E. Oxidation induced stress-rupture of fiber bundles. experiments, a/w=0.2 and a/p= 15.9, and thus ke J Eng Mater Technol 1998: 120: 105-9 20]Llorca J, Elices M, Celemin JA. Toughness and microstructural 7.1 Acta Mater1998:46(7):244l-53 21Lara-Curzio E. Analysis of oxidatin-assisted stress-rupture of References ntinuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites at intermediate [Bannister RL, Ceruvu NS, Little DA. McQuiggan G. Develop. [22] Naslain R, Lamon J, Pailler R, Bourrat X, Guette A, Langlais F. ment requirements for an advanced gas turbine system. Trans Micro/minicomposites: a useful approach to the design and SME1995;117:724-33 development of non-oxide CMCs Composites 1999: 30A: 547-7 2 Smith KO, Fahme A. Experimental assessment of the er [23 Luh EY, Evans AG. High-temperature mechanical properties of benefits of a ceramic gas turbine combustor. Proc. ASME IGT amic matrix composite. J Am Ceram Soc 1987: 70: 466-9 Conference. 1996 [24 Wetherhold RC, Zawada LP. Heat treatments as a method of 3 Droillard C, Lamon J Fracture toughness of 2D woven SiC/Sic protection for a ceramic fiber-glass matrix composite. J Am ilayered interphases. J Am Ceram Soc Ceram Soc1991;74(8):2097-100 99679(4):84958. 25 Henager Jr. CH, Jones RH. Sub-critical crack growth in CV 4 Kagawa Y, Goto K. Notch sensitivity of two-dimensional woven silicon carbide reinforced with Nicalon fibers- experiment and Sic fiber-reinforced Sic matrix composite fabricated by the model. J Am Ceram Soc 1994 77(9): 2381-94 olymer conversion process. J Mater Sci Letters 1997: 16: 8 26 Raghuraman S, Stubbins JF. Ferber MK, Wereszczak AA Crack McNulty JC, Zok Fw, Genin G. Evans AG. Notch-sensitivity of agation in SiCr/Sic matrix composite under static effects of 212-215: straining and volume-dependent strength. J Am Ceram Soc [27] Plucknett KP, Sutherland S, Daniel AM, Cain RL, West G 6 Prewo KM. Fatigue and stress rupture of silicon carbide fibre- Taplin DMR, Lewis MH. Environmental ageing effects in a si inforced glass-ceramics. J Mater Sci 1987: 22: 2695-701 con carbide fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic matrix composite [7 Cooper RF, Chyung K. Structure and chemistry of fb Microscopy 1995: 177(3): 251-63 nterfaces in silicon carbide fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic com 28 Plucknett KP, Lewis MH. Inhibition of intermediate posites: an electron roscopy stud degradation of calcium aluminosilicate/Nicalon by erature pretreatment. J Mater Sci Lett 1995; 14: 1223-6 [8 Bischoff E, Ruhle M, Sbaizero O. Evans AG. Microstructural [29 Reynaud P Cyclic fatigue of ceramic-matrix composites at ambi- ies of the interfacial zone of a sic-fiber- rein ech1996:56:809-14 luminosilicate glass-ceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 1989: 72(5): 741-5. [30] Mizuno M, Zhu S, Nagano Y, Sakaida Y, Ki Bonney LA, Cooper RF. Reaction-layer interfaces in SiC-fiber 1. Cyclic fatigue behavior of Sic/siC composites at room and high temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc 1996: 79(12): 3065-77. electron microscopy analysis. J Am Ceram Soc 1990, 73(10): 2916-2 31 Steyer TE, Zok FW, Walls DP Stress rupture of an enhanced [10 Qi G, Spear KE, Pantano CG. Carbon-layer formation at silicon Nicalon/SiC composite at intermediate temperatures. JAm carbide-glass interfaces Mater Sci and Eng 1993 A162: 4 Ceram Soc 1998: 81: 2140--6. [1 Pharaoh MW, Daniel AM, Lewis MH. Stability of interfaces in [32] Zhu S, Mizuno M, Nagano Y, Cao J, calcium aluminosilicate matrix/Nicalon SiC fibre composites nd fatigue behavior in an enhanced Mater sci lett1993:12(13):998-1001. [12 Filipuzzi L, Camus G, Naslain R, Thebault J. Oxidation 33] Lee SS, Zawada LP, Stachler JM CA. Mechanical ms and kinetics of ID-SiC/C/SiC composite materials: I behavior and high temperature performance of a woven nicalon/ an experimental approach. J Am Ceram Soc 1994: 77(2): 459-66. Si-N-C matrix composite. J Am Ceram Soc 1998: 81(7): 1797-811 [13 Filipuzzi L, Naslain R. Oxidation mechanisms and kinetics of 34 Morscher GN. Tensile stress rupture of SiCrSicm mini- ID-SiC/C/SiC composite materials: Il, modeling. J Am Ceram composites with carbon and boron nitride interphases at elevated Soc1994:77(2):467-80 temperatures in air. J Am Ceram Soc 1997: 80(8): 2029-42 [14 Huger M, Fargeot D, Gault C. Ultrasonic characterization of 35 Heathcote JA. Gong X-Y, Yang J, Ramamurty U, Zok Fw. In- oxidation mechanisms in Nicalon/C/SiC composites. JAm ne mechanical properties of an all-oxide ceramic composite Ceram Soc199477(10):255460. Am Ceram Soc I999;82(10):2721-30. [15 Heredia FE, McNulty JC, Zok FW, Evans AG. An oxidation [36] Genin G, Hutchinson Jw. Composite laminates in plane stress soc roget probe for ceramic matrix composites. JAm Ceram nstitute deling and stress redistribution due to matrix [16 Labrugere C, Guillaumat L, Guette A, Naslain R. Effect of age. [37] Peterson RE Stress Concentration Factors. New York: Wiley, ng treatments at high temperatures on the microstructure and echanical behavior of 2D Nicalon/C/SiC composites. 2: ageing [38] Singh D, Singh JP, Wheeler MJ. Mechanical behavior of Sicd Sic composites and correlation to in situ fiber strength at re and elevated temperatures. J Am Ceram Soc 1996: 79(3): 591 [7 Lara-Curzio E. Stress rupture of Nicalon/SiC continuous fiber [39] Suresh S. Fatigue of Materials. Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- ceramic composites in air. J Am Ceram Soc 1997: 80(12): 3268-72 ersity Press, 1991( Chapter 8).ke o net ¼ 2 1 a W ffiffiffiffiffi a r sec a W 1=2 ðA2Þ For the center notch geometry used in the present experiments, a=W ¼ 0:2 and a= ¼ 15:9, and thus ke ¼ 7:1: References [1] Bannister RL, Ceruvu NS, Little DA, McQuiggan G. Development requirements for an advanced gas turbine system. Trans ASME 1995;117:724–33. [2] Smith KO, Fahme A. Experimental assessment of the emissions benefits of a ceramic gas turbine combustor. Proc. ASME IGT Conference, 1996. [3] Droillard C, Lamon J. Fracture toughness of 2D woven SiC/SiC CVI composites with multilayered interphases. J Am Ceram Soc 1996;79(4):849–58. [4] Kagawa Y, Goto K. Notch sensitivity of two-dimensional woven SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composite fabricated by the polymer conversion process. J Mater Sci Letters 1997;16:850–4. [5] McNulty JC, Zok FW, Genin G, Evans AG. Notch-sensitivity of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites: effects of inelastic straining and volume-dependent strength. J Am Ceram Soc 1999;82(5):1217–28. [6] Prewo KM. Fatigue and stress rupture of silicon carbide fibrereinforced glass-ceramics. J Mater Sci 1987;22:2695–701. [7] Cooper RF, Chyung K. Structure and chemistry of fiber-matrix interfaces in silicon carbide fiber-reinforced glass-ceramic composites: an electron microscopy study. J Mater Sci 1987;22:3148– 60. [8] Bischoff E, Ruhle M, Sbaizero O, Evans AG. Microstructural studies of the interfacial zone of a SiC-fiber-reinforced lithium aluminosilicate glass-ceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 1989;72(5):741–5. [9] Bonney LA, Cooper RF. Reaction-layer interfaces in SiC-fiberreinforced glass ceramics: a high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy analysis. J Am Ceram Soc 1990;73(10):2916–21. [10] Qi G, Spear KE, Pantano CG. Carbon-layer formation at siliconcarbide-glass interfaces. Mater Sci and Eng 1993;A162:45–52. 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Effect of ageing treatments at high temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of 2D Nicalon/C/SiC composites. 2: ageing under CO and influence of a SiC seal-coating. J Eur Ceram Soc 1997;17:541–57. [17] Lara-Curzio E. Stress rupture of Nicalon/SiC continuous fiber ceramic composites in air. J Am Ceram Soc 1997;80(12):3268–72. [18] Lara-Curzio E, Ferber MK. Stress rupture of continuous fiber ceramic composites at intermediate temperatures. J Mater Sci Lett 1997;16:23–6. [19] Lara-Curzio E. Oxidation induced stress-rupture of fiber bundles. J Eng Mater Technol 1998;120:105–9. [20] Llorca J, Elices M, Celemin JA. Toughness and microstructural degradation at high temperature in SiC fiber-reinforced ceramics. Acta Mater 1998;46(7):2441–53. [21] Lara-Curzio E. Analysis of oxidatin-assisted stress-rupture of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites at intermediate temperatures. Composites 1999;30A:549–54. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 (Chapter 8). 1338 J.C. McNulty et al. / Composites Science andTechnology 61 (2001) 1331–1338