ARY OL ©Ta&Franis SHORT COMMUNICATION OPEN ACCESS国 Emerging novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV)-current scenario,evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments Yashpal Singh Malik.Shubhankar Sircar,Sudipta Bhat,Khan Sharun,Kuldeep Dhama Maryam Dadar,Ruchi Tiwari and Wanpen Chaicumpa ICAR-Indian /eterin e dia:bDivision ICAR-1 diar inary yPashu BSTRACT ses are the well-kr ARTICLE HISTOR 9 20o2-209i6o drom dby Middle East Re e co KEYWORDS 019-nCoV y of ir ational a ,30h Acute (nm the spread therapeutics:vaccines e threat of ghts ssful agnostics and effective vaccine 1.Introduction esult of its global spread(Kahn and Mclntosh 2005) Coronaviruses (CoVs)are well-known causes of virus was detected in the cagec severe infections,respiratory,enteric and systemic,in s and these were thought to humans and numerous animal hosts.The CoV infec be the natural host of this virus (Guan et al.2003) tions hav beer repo ted in cattle swine, Following SARS-CoV incidence in 2003,a similar Cov named HKU3-1 to HKU3-3 were identified in the horseshoe bats (non-caged)in 2005 from Hong and avian sp and Kong (Lau et al.2005). Since then,bats are consic Mcntosh 2005)The coronaviruses of relevant veter to be tr natural host and potential reservo nary species are shown in Table 1 with organ he affected and clinical signs.Though human CoVs 005)Afte 2003 2005 SARS-CoV e wer id in the year 19 tory as ch ged in the Middle illness and was named the Middle East Respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV)in the year Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV)(Zaki et al.2012).The 2002-2003(Drosten et al.2003;Ksiazek et al.2003; mortality was higher than previous SARs-CoV pan Peiris et al.2003).In this SARS-CoV epidemic,around demic claiming around 919 lives out of the total 8000 confirmed human cases with 774 deaths 2521 human cases (around 35%mortality)(World (around 9.5%mortality rate)occurred that was a Health Organization 2015).Notably,dromedary nailcom:Kuldeep Dh 01652176.20191697012SHORT COMMUNICATION Emerging novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)—current scenario, evolutionary perspective based on genome analysis and recent developments Yashpal Singh Malika , Shubhankar Sircara , Sudipta Bhata , Khan Sharunb , Kuldeep Dhamac , Maryam Dadard , Ruchi Tiwarie and Wanpen Chaicumpaf a Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; b Division of Surgery, ICAR–Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; c Division of Pathology, ICAR–Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India; d Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; e Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India; f Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand ABSTRACT Coronaviruses are the well-known cause of severe respiratory, enteric and systemic infections in a wide range of hosts including man, mammals, fish, and avian. The scientific interest on coronaviruses increased after the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome corona￾virus (SARS-CoV) outbreaks in 2002-2003 followed by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). This decade’s first CoV, named 2019-nCoV, emerged from Wuhan, China, and declared as ‘Public Health Emergency of International Concern’ on January 30th, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As on February 4, 2020, 425 deaths reported in China only and one death outside China (Philippines). In a short span of time, the virus spread has been noted in 24 countries. The zoonotic transmission (animal-to-human) is suspected as the route of disease origin. The genetic analyses predict bats as the most probable source of 2019-nCoV though further investigations needed to confirm the origin of the novel virus. The ongoing nCoV outbreak highlights the hidden wild animal reservoir of the deadly viruses and possible threat of spillover zoonoses as well. The successful virus isolation attempts have made doors open for developing better diagnostics and effective vaccines helping in combating the spread of the virus to newer areas. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 3 February 2020 Accepted 6 February 2020 KEYWORDS Coronavirus; 2019-nCoV; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV; Public Health Emergency; genetic analyses; zoonoses; reservoir host; therapeutics; vaccines 1. Introduction Coronaviruses (CoVs) are well-known causes of severe infections, respiratory, enteric and systemic, in humans and numerous animal hosts. The CoV infec￾tions have been reported in cattle, swine, horses, camels, rodents, cats, dogs, bats, palm civets, ferrets, mink, rabbits, snake, and several other wild animals and avian species (Fehr and Perlman 2015; Kahn and McIntosh 2005). The coronaviruses of relevant veter￾inary species are shown in Table 1 with organ affected and clinical signs. Though human CoVs were identified for the first time in the year 1960 from respiratory infections in adults as well as chil￾dren, the major scientific interest in CoVs research grew only after the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) in the year 2002-2003 (Drosten et al. 2003; Ksiazek et al. 2003; Peiris et al. 2003). In this SARS-CoV epidemic, around 8000 confirmed human cases with 774 deaths (around 9.5% mortality rate) occurred that was a result of its global spread (Kahn and McIntosh 2005). Initially, the virus was detected in the caged Himalayan palm civets and these were thought to be the natural host of this virus (Guan et al. 2003). Following SARS-CoV incidence in 2003, a similar CoV named HKU3-1 to HKU3-3 were identified in the horseshoe bats (non-caged) in 2005 from Hong Kong (Lau et al. 2005). Since then, bats are consid￾ered to be the natural host and potential reservoir species that could be held responsible for any future CoVs epidemics and/or pandemics (Cui et al. 2019, Li et al. 2005). After the 2003 and 2005 SARS-CoV epi￾demics, an analogous virus emerged in the Middle East region of the world leading to severe respiratory illness and was named the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) (Zaki et al. 2012). The mortality was higher than previous SARS-CoV pan￾demic claiming around 919 lives out of the total 2521 human cases (around 35% mortality) (World Health Organization 2015). Notably, dromedary CONTACT Yashpal Singh Malik malikyps@gmail.com; Kuldeep Dhama kdhama@rediffmail.com; Wanpen Chaicumpa wanpen.cha@mahidol.ac.th Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2019.1697012.
2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. VETERINARY QUARTERLY 2020, VOL. 40, NO. 1, 68–76 https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2020.1727993