Defining Terms Amperometric sensor: An electrochemical sensor that determines the amount of a substance by means of an oxidation-reduction reaction involving that substance. Electrons are transferred as a part of the reaction,so that the electrical current through the sensor is related to the amount of the substance seen sensor. Analyte: The substance being measured by a chemical or bioanalytical sensor and instrumentation system Bioanalytical sensor: A special case of a chemical sensor for determining the amount of a biochemical abstance. This type of sensor usually makes use of one of the following types of biochemical reactions enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody, or ligand-receptor Biomedical sensor: A device for interfacing an instrumentation system with a biological system such as a biological specimen or an entire organism. The device serves the function of detecting and measuring in a quantitative fashion a physiological property of the biologic system. Chemical sensor: The interface device for an instrumentation system that determines the concentration of Noninvasive sensor: The interface device of an instrumentation system that measures a physiologic variable from an organism without interrupting the integrity of that organism. This device can be in direct contact with the surface of the organism or it can measure the physiologic quantity while remaining remote from the Physical sensor: An interface device at the input of an instrumentation system that quantitatively measures a physical quantity such as pressure or temperature Potentiometric sensor: A chemical sensor that measures the concentration of a substance by determining the electrical potential between a specially prepared surface and a solution containing the substance being measured Related Topics 56.1 Introduction.56.2 Physical Sensors.56.3 Chemical Sensors.56.4 Biosensors. 56.5 Microsensors References R.S.C. Cobbold, Transducers for Biomedical Measurements: Principles and Applications, New York: John wiley, 1974 BR Biosensors: An Introduction, Chichester; New York: John Wiley, 1996 LAo c.&, W.H. Ko, and M.R. Neuman, Eds, Indwelling and Implantable Pressure Transducers,Cleveland Press, 1977. Geddes, The Direct and Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure, Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1970. L.A. Geddes, Electrodes and the Measurement of Bioelectric Events, New York: John Wiley, 1972. w. Gopel, J. Hesse and J N. Zemel, Sensors; A Comprehensive Survey, Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1989 A H. Hall, Biosensors, Englewood Cliffs, N J. Prentice Hall, 1991 J Janata, Principles of Chemical Sensors, New York: Plenum Press, 1989 M.R. Neuman, R.P. Buck, V.V. Cosofret, E. Lindner, and C.C. Liu,Fabricating biomedical sensors with thin film technoogy, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 13, 409-419, 1994 R. Pallas-Areny and J.G. Webster, Sensors and Signal Conditioning, New York: John Wiley, 1991 J.I. Peterson and G.G. Vurek, "Fiber-optic sensors for biomedical applications, Science, vol. 224, PP. 123-127, P. Rolfe, Review of chemical sensors for physiological measurement, J. Biomed. Eng, vol 10, Pp. 138-145, 1988 J.G. Webster, Ed, Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, New York: John Wiley, 1988 O.S. wolfbeis, Ed, Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991 e 2000 by CRC Press LLC© 2000 by CRC Press LLC Defining Terms Amperometric sensor: An electrochemical sensor that determines the amount of a substance by means of an oxidation-reduction reaction involving that substance. Electrons are transferred as a part of the reaction, so that the electrical current through the sensor is related to the amount of the substance seen by the sensor. Analyte: The substance being measured by a chemical or bioanalytical sensor and instrumentation system. Bioanalytical sensor: A special case of a chemical sensor for determining the amount of a biochemical substance. This type of sensor usually makes use of one of the following types of biochemical reactions: enzyme-substrate, antigen-antibody, or ligand-receptor. Biomedical sensor: A device for interfacing an instrumentation system with a biological system such as a biological specimen or an entire organism. The device serves the function of detecting and measuring in a quantitative fashion a physiological property of the biologic system. Chemical sensor: The interface device for an instrumentation system that determines the concentration of a chemical substance. Noninvasive sensor: The interface device of an instrumentation system that measures a physiologic variable from an organism without interrupting the integrity of that organism. This device can be in direct contact with the surface of the organism or it can measure the physiologic quantity while remaining remote from the organism. Physical sensor: An interface device at the input of an instrumentation system that quantitatively measures a physical quantity such as pressure or temperature. Potentiometric sensor: A chemical sensor that measures the concentration of a substance by determining the electrical potential between a specially prepared surface and a solution containing the substance being measured. Related Topics 56.1 Introduction • 56.2 Physical Sensors • 56.3 Chemical Sensors • 56.4 Biosensors • 56.5 Microsensors References R.S.C. Cobbold, Transducers for Biomedical Measurements: Principles and Applications, New York: John Wiley, 1974. B.R. Eggins, Biosensors: An Introduction, Chichester; New York: John Wiley, 1996. D.G. Fleming, W.H. Ko, and M.R. Neuman, Eds., Indwelling and Implantable Pressure Transducers, Cleveland: CRC Press, 1977. L.A. Geddes, The Direct and Indirect Measurement of Blood Pressure, Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1970. L.A. Geddes, Electrodes and the Measurement of Bioelectric Events, New York: John Wiley, 1972. W. Göpel, J. Hesse and J.N. Zemel, Sensors; A Comprehensive Survey, Weinheim, Germany: VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, 1989. A.H. Hall, Biosensors, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991. J. Janata, Principles of Chemical Sensors, New York: Plenum Press, 1989. M.R. Neuman, R.P. Buck, V.V. Cosofret, E. Lindner, and C.C. Liu, “Fabricating biomedical sensors with thin- film technoogy, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, 13, 409–419, 1994. R. Pallas-Areny and J.G. Webster, Sensors and Signal Conditioning, New York: John Wiley, 1991. J.I. Peterson and G.G. Vurek, “Fiber-optic sensors for biomedical applications,” Science, vol. 224, pp. 123–127, 1984. P. Rolfe, “Review of chemical sensors for physiological measurement,” J. Biomed. Eng., vol. 10, pp. 138–145, 1988. J.G. Webster, Ed., Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, New York: John Wiley, 1988. O.S. Wolfbeis, Ed., Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1991