Preface These seven volumes of Lecture Notes represent a yearlong effort on the part of the Kaplan Medical faculty to update our curriculum to reflect the most-likely-to-be-tested material on the current USMLE Step I exam. Please note that these are Lecture Notes, not review books. The Notes were designed to be accompanied by faculty lectures-ive, on video, or on the web Reading these Notes without accessing the accompanying lectures is not an effective way to review for the usmle To maximize the effectiveness of these Notes, annotate them as you listen to lectures. To facil itate this process, we've created wide, blank margins. While these margins are occasionally punctuated by faculty high-yield"margin notes, "they are, for the most part, left blank for your notations Many students find that previewing the Notes prior to the lecture is a very effective way to pre- pare for class. This allows you to anticipate the areas where you'll need to pay particular atten tion. It also affords you the opportunity to map out how the information is going to be pre- sented and what sort of study aids(charts, diagrams, etc. )you might want to add. This strate- gy works regardless of whether you're attending a live lecture or watching one on video or the Finally, we want to hear what you think. What do you like about the notes? What do you think couldbeimprovedPleaseshareyourfeedbackbyE-mailingusatmedfeedback@kaplan.com. Thank you for joining Kaplan Medical, and best of luck on your Step I exam! Kaplan Medical medicaⅶi..... ~ Preface These seven volumes of Lecture Notes represent a yearlong effort on the part of the Kaplan Medical faculty to update our curriculum to reflect the most-likely-to-be-tested material on the current USMLE Step 1 exam. Please note that these are Lecture Notes, not review books. The Notes were designed to be accompanied by faculty lectures-live, on video, or on the web. Reading these Notes without accessing the accompanying lectures is not an effective way to review for the USMLE. To maximize the effectiveness of these Notes, annotate them as you listen to lectures. To facil￾itate this process, we've created wide, blank margins. While these margins are occasionally punctuated by faculty high-yield "margin notes;' they are, for the most part, left blank for your notations. Many students find that previewing the Notes prior to the lecture is a very effectiveway to pre￾pare for class. This allows you to anticipate the areas where you'll need to pay particular atten￾tion. It also affords you the opportunity to map out how the information is going to be pre￾sented and what sort of study aids (charts, diagrams, etc.) you might want to add. This strate￾gy works regardless of whether you're attending a live lecture or watching one on video or the web. Finally,we want to hear what you think. What do you like about the notes? What do you think could be improved? Please share your feedback by E-mailingusatmedfeedback@kaplan.com. Thank you for joining Kaplan Medical, and best of luck on your Step 1 exam! Kaplan Medical KAPLAN ii . . me IcaI vii /