Cooperation is a Basic Component of Evolution Nature 2012 a b R R Autocatalysis Specificity Se lfishness Dive rsificat ion Hypercycle Cooperativity Figure 1|Theemergence ofhypercycles.a.A primor dial replicator molecule(R)enhances its own assembly from substr ate molecules (S)in a simple autocatalytic cycle.b.Imperfect replication generates a set ofrelated replicators each promoting the synthesis of allthe other s.c,d,The introduction of biases in replicator specificity gives structureto the network andcanlead to selfish subsystems (c)or to a cooperative hypercycle(d)akin to the system describedby Vaidya and colleagues1.Such hypercycles remain globally autocatalytic,but are moreresistant to the accumulation of mutations enabling replicators to specialize and to acquirenewfunctions.Thick and da shedred arrows indicateincreased and decreased effic acy respectively at enhancingreplicator assembly.2018/6/14 1 6 上海交通大学通识核心课 教授 李大伟 电邮 daweili@sjtu.edu.cn 电话：34204744 Cooperation is a Basic Component of Evolution 助教 朱 奇 电邮 zq0525@126.co 电话：34205436 Nature 2012