Contents 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophag Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus Chapter 5 Otology Objectives: Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the external and inner ear 2. Examination of the ear: Mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympani membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry, acoustic impedance auditory brainstem response audiometry, vestibular function test, and eustachian tube inflation Knowing the imaging studies of the ear, pneumatic otoscopy, and myringoscopy Injuries of the ear: Recognizing the clinical manifestations and management of injury of tympanic membrane. Knowing the clinical manifestations and treatment of fracture of temporal Disorders of the external ear: Knowing the diagnosis and management of otitis externa and furuncle of the external acoustic meatus. Knowing the clinical manifestations and management of foreign bodies in external acoustic meatus and impacted cerumen 5. Disorders of the middle ear: Mastering the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of non-suppurative otitis media. Mastering the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and treatment of acute suppurative otitis media. Mastering the etiology, pathology, and acquired cholesteatomaContents: 1. Clinical anatomy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus The clinical anatomy of trachea and bronchi: anatomical features and clinical significance of principal bronchi. The clinical significance of the four physiological strictures of the esophagus. 2. Endoscopy of the trachea, bronchi and esophagus. The indications and contraindications of esophagoscopy. 3. Foreign bodies in the trachea and bronchi. The etiology, sorts, location, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies in trachea and bronchi. 4. Foreign bodies in the esophagus The etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of foreign bodies of the esophagus. Complications of foreign bodies of the esophagus. 5. Caustic injuries of the esophagus The etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, prevention and treatment of caustic injuries of the esophagus. Chapter 5 Otology Objectives: 1. Anatomy and physiological functions of the ear: Mastering the structure and clinical significance of middle ear and its accessory. Recognizing the physiology of hearing and equilibrium and functions of Eustachian tube. Knowing the anatomical structures of the external and inner ear. 2. Examination of the ear: Mastering the examination methods of external ear and tympanic membrane. Recognizing tuning-fork test. Knowing pure tone audiometry, acoustic impedance, auditory brainstem response audiometry, vestibular function test, and Eustachian tube inflation. Knowing the imaging studies of the ear, pneumatic otoscopy, and myringoscopy. 3. Injuries of the ear: Recognizing the clinical manifestations and management of injury of tympanic membrane. Knowing the clinical manifestations and treatment of fracture of temporal bone. 4. Disorders of the external ear: Knowing the diagnosis and management of otitis externa and furuncle of the external acoustic meatus. Knowing the clinical manifestations and management of foreign bodies in external acoustic meatus and impacted cerumen. 5. Disorders of the middle ear: Mastering the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of non-suppurative otitis media. Mastering the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and treatment of acute suppurative otitis media. Mastering the etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations and treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media (simple type and cholesteatoma) and difference between the two types. Knowing the pathogenesis of congenital and acquired cholesteatoma