INSTITUTE STATisTicS General issues Un.ed Nation Statistics on R&D require regular, systematic and harmonised special surveys Other sources provide information but concepts of r&d used often different from FM concepts concepts may change over time very difficult to obtain all data for the same period difficult to avoid double counting when tracking flows from financial statements and other sources Estimates are a necessary supplement to surveys especially in higher education sector Www.uis. unesco. orgwww.uis.unesco.org General issues ▪ Statistics on R&D require regular, systematic and harmonised special surveys ▪ Other sources provide information, but: • concepts of R&D used often different from FM concepts • concepts may change over time • very difficult to obtain all data for the same period • difficult to avoid double counting when tracking flows from financial statements and other sources ▪ Estimates are a necessary supplement to surveys • especially in higher education sector